Definição e significado de 1972_Nixon_visit_to_China

  Richard Nixon meets with Mao Zedong in Beijing, February 21, 1972.

U.S. President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to the People's Republic of China was an important step in formally normalizing relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China (PRC). It marked the first time a U.S. president had visited the PRC, which at that time considered the U.S. one of its staunchest foes, and the voyage ended 25 years of separation between the two sides.

Prior to even being elected president, Richard Nixon had sought better relations with the PRC, with which the U.S. did not maintain diplomatic relations as it recognized the Republic of China on Taiwan as the government of China. Early in his first term Nixon and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger began sending subtle overtures hinting at warmer relations to the PRC government. After a series of these overtures by both countries, Kissinger flew on secret diplomatic missions to Beijing and in July 1971, the President announced that he would visit the PRC the following year.

Occurring from February 21 to 28, 1972, the visit allowed the American public to view images of China for the first time in over two decades. Throughout the week the President and his most senior advisers engaged in substantive discussions with the PRC, including a meeting with Chairman Mao Zedong, while First Lady Pat Nixon toured schools, factories and hospitals in the cities of Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou with the large American press corps in tow. Nixon dubbed the visit "the week that changed the world."

The repercussions of the Nixon visit are vast, and included a significant shift in the Cold War balance, pitting the PRC with the U.S. against the Soviet Union. Nixon going to China has since become a metaphor for an unexpected or uncharacteristic action by a politician.

  Visit

  Historical background

Improved relations with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China are often cited as the most successful diplomatic achievements of Nixon’s presidency.^[1] After World War II, Americans saw relations between the United States and the Soviet Union deteriorating, Russians consolidating communist allies over much of Eastern Europe, and China teetering on the edge of communism. Many Americans felt concern communists might cause the downfall of schools or labor unions.^[2]

One of the main reasons Richard Nixon became the 1952 Vice-presidential candidate on the Eisenhower ticket was his strong anti-communist stance. Despite this, in 1972 Nixon became the first U.S. president to visit mainland China while in office.^[3] Ulysses S. Grant visited China on a world tour after leaving office. Herbert Hoover lived in China briefly in 1899 before becoming President and could speak Mandarin. Dwight Eisenhower made a state visit to Taiwan in 1960, during the period when the United States recognized the Republic of China government in Taipei as the sole government of China.

  Air Force One landing in Beijing on February 21, 1972.

  Preparation

In July 1971, President Nixon's National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger secretly visited Beijing during a trip to Pakistan, and laid the groundwork for Nixon's visit to China. Transcripts of White House meetings and once confidential documents show Nixon began working to open a channel of communication with Beijing from his first day in the White House.^[4]

  Pat Nixon in the People's Republic of China.

  Meeting

From February 21-28, 1972, U.S. President Richard Nixon traveled to Beijing, Hangzhou and Shanghai. Almost as soon as the American president arrived in the Chinese capital he was summoned for a quick meeting with Chairman Mao. Secretary of State William P. Rogers was excluded from this meeting and the only other American present was National Security Council staffer (and later U.S. Ambassador to China) Winston Lord. To avoid embarrassing Rogers, Lord was cropped out of all the official photographs of the meeting.^[5] Although Nixon was in China for a week, this would be his sole meeting with the top Chinese leader.

Unknown to Nixon and the rest of the American diplomats at the time, Chairman Mao was in poor health and had been ill only nine days prior to Nixon's arrival. Nevertheless, Mao felt strong enough to insist to his officials for a meeting with President Nixon upon his arrival. Upon meeting Nixon for the first time, Mao, speaking through his translator, said to Nixon: "I believe our old friend Chiang Kai-shek would not approve of this".

Nixon held many meetings with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai during the trip, which included visits to the Great Wall, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. At the conclusion of his trip, the United States and the PRC governments issued the Shanghai Communiqué, a statement of their foreign policy views and a document that has remained the basis of Sino-American bilateral relations. Kissinger stated that the U.S. also intended to pull all its forces out of the island of Taiwan.^[6] In the communiqué, both nations pledged to work toward the full normalization of diplomatic policy.

  Richard Nixon and Zhou Enlai speaking at a banquet.

  Results

A peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question agreed by the Chinese themselves. The statement enabled the U.S. and PRC to temporarily set aside the "crucial question obstructing the normalization of relations"^[7] concerning the political status of Taiwan and to open trade and other contacts. However, the United States continued to maintain official relations with the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan until 1979 when the U.S. broke off formal diplomatic relations with the Republic of China and established full diplomatic relations with the PRC.

While in Shanghai Nixon spoke about what this meant for the two countries in the future:

"This was the week that changed the world, as what we have said in that Communique is not nearly as important as what we will do in the years ahead to build a bridge across 16,000 miles and 22 years of hostilities which have divided us in the past. And what we have said today is that we shall build that bridge."^[6]

Nixon and his aides carefully planned the trip to have the biggest possible impact on television audiences back in the U.S. The media coverage of the trip was overwhelmingly positive. Later interviews with correspondents who traveled with the President show how eager they were to be on the trip, which some labeled the most important summit meeting ever.^[8]

Richard Nixon wrote many books about his international contributions and accomplishments. Beyond Peace is the last of his post-career volumes, addressing the need for the United States to beat the competition in a world transformed by the collapse of the Communist bloc.

  Aftermath

Max Frankel of The New York Times received the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting for his coverage of the event. Frankel was among those interviewed in the Assignment: China segment about the Nixon trip.

The visit inspired John Adams' 1987 opera Nixon in China.

  See also

• Nixon goes to China
• Ping Pong Diplomacy

General:

• Sino-American relations
• China and the United Nations

  References

  Further reading

• Burr, William (1999) The Kissinger Transcripts, The New Press
• Dallek, Robert (2007). Nixon and Kissinger : partners in power. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-072230-4. 
• Drew, Elizabeth (2007). Richard M. Nixon. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-6963-1. 
• American Press Corps (text) (1972). The President's Trip to China. New York: Bantam Books. 
• Kadaré, Ismail (1989) The Concert
• Ladley, Eric (2002) Nixon's China Trip, Writer's Club Press; (2007) Balancing Act: How Nixon Went to China and Remained a Conservative.
• MacMillan, Margaret (2007) Nixon & Mao: The Week that Changed the World, Random House
• Mann, James (1999) About Face, Knopf
• Nixon, Richard (1978) RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Grosset & Dunlap
• Tyler, Patrick (1999) A Great Wall, Public Affairs

  External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1972 Nixon visit to China

• Nixon's Trip to China, including the President's recollections documented on White House tapes, from the Richard Nixon Presidential Library
• Index of articles on Nixon's foreign policy, including China, from the Richard Nixon Foundation
• Webcast: Nixon in China, from the Council on Foreign Relations
• Record of Historic Richard Nixon-Zhou Enlai Talks in February 1972 Now Declassified, from The George Washington University

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