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attention (n.)
1.the work of providing treatment for or attending to someone or something"no medical care was required" "the old car needs constant attention"
2.a courteous act indicating affection"she tried to win his heart with her many attentions"
3.a motionless erect stance with arms at the sides and feet together; assumed by military personnel during drill or review"the troops stood at attention"
4.the faculty or power of mental concentration"keeping track of all the details requires your complete attention"
5.the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others
6.a general interest that leads people to want to know more"She was the center of attention"
Attention (n.)
1.(MeSH)Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
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Merriam Webster
AttentionAt*ten"tion (�), n. [L. attentio: cf. F. attention.]
1. The act or state of attending or heeding; the application of the mind to any object of sense, representation, or thought; notice; exclusive or special consideration; earnest consideration, thought, or regard; obedient or affectionate heed; the supposed power or faculty of attending.
They say the tongues of dying men
Enforce attention like deep harmony. Shak.
☞ Attention is consciousness and something more. It is consciousness voluntarily applied, under its law of limitations, to some determinate object; it is consciousness concentrated. Sir W. Hamilton.
2. An act of civility or courtesy; care for the comfort and pleasure of others; as, attentions paid to a stranger.
To pay attention to, To pay one's attentions to, to be courteous or attentive to; to wait upon as a lover; to court.
Syn. -- Care; heed; study; consideration; application; advertence; respect; regard.
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⇨ definição - Wikipedia
Attention (n.) (MeSH)
attention (n.)
aid, alertness, assiduity, attending, attentiveness, care, carefulness, civility, concentration, consideration, focus, inattention, mindfulness, observation, politeness, reflection, regard, supervision, tact, tending, thoroughness, thought, thoughtfulness, vigilance
Ver também
attention (n.)
↘ alert, attentional, attentive, careful, obliging ↗ care, care for, give care, look after, medicate, nurse, take care of, tend, tend to, treat ≠ inattention, inattentiveness, oversight
⇨ Attention Deficit Disorder • Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity • Attention Deficit Disorders with Hyperactivity • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders • Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders • Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity • Attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder • Attention deficit syndrome with hyperactivity • Attention to artificial openings • Attention to artificial vagina • Attention to colostomy • Attention to cystostomy • Attention to gastrostomy • Attention to ileostomy • Attention to other artificial openings • Attention to other artificial openings of digestive tract • Attention to other artificial openings of urinary tract • Attention to surgical dressings and sutures • Attention to tracheostomy • Attention to unspecified artificial opening • attention deficit disorder • attention deficit hyperactivity disorder • attention span • attention to artificial openings • attention-getting • attract attention • bring to s.o.'s attention • call attention • center of attention • centre of attention • come to s.o.'s attention • concentrate one's attention on • draw s.o.'s attention to • focus one's attention on • for the attention of • pay attention • pay attention to • paying attention
⇨ Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder • At attention • Attention (GusGus album) • Attention (Philmont album) • Attention (advertising) • Attention (band) • Attention (bugle call) • Attention (disambiguation) • Attention Age • Attention Deficit (album) • Attention Dimension • Attention Please • Attention Please (album) • Attention Please! • Attention Scum • Attention Shoppers (Flashpoint episode) • Attention To Detail • Attention bandits! • Attention decrement hypothesis • Attention deficit • Attention economy • Attention management • Attention restoration theory • Attention seeking • Attention span • Attention versus memory in prefrontal cortex • Attention work • Attention! • Attention! Bandits! • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder • Attention-Getting Garfield • Center of Attention (album) • Continuous Partial Attention • Deficits in Attention, Motor control and Perception • Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder • Directed attention fatigue • Dorsal attention network • Driving without due care and attention • Focus of attention • History of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder • Hyper attention • In Need of Medical Attention • In the high attention area • In the high attention area 2 • Jerks of Attention • Joint attention • List of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder organizations • Live from the Short Attention Span Audio Theater Tour!! • Neural mechanisms behind shifts of attention • Pages requiring attention • Pay Attention • Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener • Principles of attention stress • Secure attention key • Short Attention Span Theater • Split attention effect • Sweet Attention • The Centre of Attention • Three Rules of Discipline and Eight Points for Attention • Ventral attention network • Yves Klein Blue Draw Attention To Themselves
Attention (n.) [MeSH]
Arousal, Vigilance, Cortical[Hyper.]
attention (n.)
attention (n.)
remedy; therapy; treatment; intervention[ClasseEnsembleDe]
attendance; care; attention; aid; tending[ClasseHyper.]
attention (n.)
courtesy[Hyper.]
attention (n.)
(immobilize; immobilise), (catalepsy)[termes liés]
(soldier), (force; forces; services; military; armed forces; armed services; military machine; war machine)[termes liés]
stance[Hyper.]
attention (n.)
fonction mentale (fr)[Classe]
attention (n.)
attentiveness; attention; attending; notice[ClasseHyper.]
for the attention of[Syntagme]
attention (n.)
Wikipedia - ver também
Wikipedia
Cognitive psychology |
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Perception |
Attention |
Memory |
Language |
Thinking |
Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Attention has also been referred to as the allocation of processing resources.[1]
Examples include listening carefully to what someone is saying while ignoring other conversations in a room (the cocktail party effect) or listening to a cell phone conversation while driving a car.[2] Attention is one of the most intensely studied topics within psychology and cognitive neuroscience.
In 1890, William James, in his textbook Principles of Psychology, remarked:
“ | Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others, and is a condition which has a real opposite in the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state which in French is called distraction, and Zerstreutheit in German.[3] | ” |
Attention remains a major area of investigation within education, psychology and neuroscience. Areas of active investigation involve determining the source of the signals that generate attention, the effects of these signals on the tuning properties of sensory neurons, and the relationship between attention and other cognitive processes like working memory and vigilance. A relatively new body of research is investigating the phenomenon of traumatic brain injuries and their effects on attention.
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In William James' time, the method more commonly used to study attention was introspection. However, as early as 1858, Franciscus Donders used mental chronometry to study attention and it was considered a major field of intellectual inquiry by authors such as Sigmund Freud. One major debate in this period was whether it was possible to attend to two things at once (split attention). Walter Benjamin described this experience as "reception in a state of distraction." This disagreement could only be resolved through experimentation.
In the 1950s, research psychologists renewed their interest in attention when the dominant epistemology shifted from positivism (i.e., behaviorism) to realism during what has come to be known as the "cognitive revolution".[4] The cognitive revolution admitted unobservable cognitive processes like attention as legitimate objects of scientific study.
Modern research on attention began with the analysis of the "cocktail party problem" by Colin Cherry in 1953. At a cocktail party how do people select the conversation that they are listening to and ignore the rest? This problem is at times called "focused attention", as opposed to "divided attention". Cherry performed a number of experiments which became known as dichotic listening and were extended by Donald Broadbent and others.[5] In a typical experiment, subjects would use a set of headphones to listen to two streams of words in different ears and selectively attend to one stream. After the task, the experimenter would question the subjects about the content of the unattended stream. Experiments by Gray and Wedderburn and later Anne Treisman pointed out various problems in Broadbent's early model and eventually led to the Deutsch-Norman model in 1968. In this model, no signal is filtered out, but all are processed to the point of activating their stored representations in memory. The point at which attention becomes "selective" is when one of the memory representations is selected for further processing. At any time, only one can be selected, resulting in the attentional bottleneck.[6]
This debate became known as the early-selection vs late-selection models. In the early selection models (first proposed by Donald Broadbent and Anne Treisman), attention shuts down or attenuates processing in the unattended ear before the mind can analyze its semantic content. In the late selection models (first proposed by J. Anthony Deutsch and Diana Deutsch), the content in both ears is analyzed semantically, but the words in the unattended ear cannot access consciousness.[7] This debate has still not been resolved.
Anne Treisman developed the highly influential feature integration theory.[8] According to this model, attention binds different features of an object (e.g., color and shape) into consciously experienced wholes. Although this model has received much criticism, it is still widely cited and spawned similar theories with modification, such as Jeremy Wolfe's Guided Search Theory.[9]
In the 1960s, Robert Wurtz at the National Institutes of Health began recording electrical signals from the brains of macaques who were trained to perform attentional tasks. These experiments showed for the first time that there was a direct neural correlate of a mental process (namely, enhanced firing in the superior colliculus).[10][not specific enough to verify]
In the 1990s, psychologists began using PET and later fMRI to image the brain in attentive tasks. Because of the highly expensive equipment that was generally only available in hospitals, psychologists sought for cooperation with neurologists. Pioneers of brain imaging studies of selective attention are psychologist Michael I. Posner (then already renowned for his seminal work on visual selective attention) and neurologist Marcus Raichle.[citation needed] Their results soon sparked interest from the entire neuroscience community in these psychological studies, which had until then focused on monkey brains. With the development of these technological innovations neuroscientists became interested in this type of research that combines sophisticated experimental paradigms from cognitive psychology with these new brain imaging techniques. Although the older technique of EEG had long been used to study the brain activity underlying selective attention by cognitive psychophysiologists, the ability of the newer techniques to actually measure precisely localized activity inside the brain generated renewed interest by a wider community of researchers. The results of these experiments have shown a broad agreement with the psychological, psychophysiological and the experiments performed on monkeys.[citation needed]
In cognitive psychology there are at least two models which describe how visual attention operates. These models may be considered loosely as metaphors which are used to describe internal processes and to generate hypotheses that are falsifiable. Generally speaking, visual attention is thought to operate as a two-stage process.[11] In the first stage, attention is distributed uniformly over the external visual scene and processing of information is performed in parallel. In the second stage, attention is concentrated to a specific area of the visual scene (i.e. it is focused), and processing is performed in a serial fashion.
The first of these models to appear in the literature is the spotlight model. The term "spotlight" was inspired by the work of William James who described attention as having a focus, a margin, and a fringe.[12] The focus is an area that extracts information from the visual scene with a high-resolution, the geometric center of which being where visual attention is directed. Surrounding the focus is the fringe of attention which extracts information in a much more crude fashion (i.e. low-resolution). This fringe extends out to a specified area and this cut-off is called the margin.
The second model is called the zoom-lens model, and was first introduced in 1983.[13] This model inherits all properties of the spotlight model (i.e. the focus, the fringe, and the margin) but has the added property of changing in size. This size-change mechanism was inspired by the zoom lens you might find on a camera, and any change in size can be described by a trade-off in the efficiency of processing.[14] The zoom-lens of attention can be described in terms of an inverse trade-off between the size of focus and the efficiency of processing: because attentional resources are assumed to be fixed, then it follows that the larger the focus is, the slower processing will be of that region of the visual scene since this fixed resource will be distributed over a larger area. It is thought that the focus of attention can subtend a minimum of 1° of visual angle,[12][15] however the maximum size has not yet been determined.
Researchers have described two different aspects of how our minds come to attend to items present in the environment.
The first aspect is called bottom-up processing, also known as stimulus-driven attention or exogenous attention. These describe attentional processing which is driven by the properties of the objects themselves. Some processes, such as motion or a sudden loud noise, can attract our attention in a pre-conscious, or non-volitional way. We attend to them whether we want to or not.[16] These aspects of attention are thought to involve parietal and temporal cortices, as well as the brainstem[17].
The second aspect is called top-down processing, also known as goal-driven, endogenous attention, attentional control or executive attention. This aspect of our attentional orienting is under the control of the person who is attending. It is mediated primarily by the frontal cortex and basal ganglia[17][18]as one of the executive functions[19][17]. Research has shown that it is related to other aspects of the executive functions, such as working memory[20] and conflict resolution and inhibition.[21]
Attention may be differentiated according to its status as "overt" versus "covert".[22] Overt attention is the act of directing sense organs towards a stimulus source. Covert attention is the act of mentally focusing on one of several possible sensory stimuli. Covert attention is thought to be a neural process that enhances the signal from a particular part of the sensory panorama. (e.g. While reading, shifting overt attention would amount to movement of eyes to read different words, but covert attention shift would occur when you shift your focus from semantic processing of a word to the font or color of the word you are reading.)
There are studies that suggest the mechanisms of overt and covert attention may not be as separate as previously believed. Though humans and primates can look in one direction but attend in another, there may be an underlying neural circuitry that links shifts in covert attention to plans to shift gaze. For example, if individuals attend to the right hand corner field of view, movement of the eyes in that direction may have to be actively suppressed.
The current view is that visual covert attention is a mechanism for quickly scanning the field of view for interesting locations. This shift in covert attention is linked to eye movement circuitry that sets up a slower saccade to that location.
One theory regarding selective attention is the load theory, which states that there are two mechanisms that affect attention: cognitive and perceptual. The perceptual considers the subject’s ability to perceive or ignore stimuli, both task-related and non task-related. Studies show that if there are many stimuli present (especially if they are task-related), it is much easier to ignore the non-task related stimuli, but if there are few stimuli the mind will perceive the irrelevant stimuli as well as the relevant. The cognitive refers to the actual processing of the stimuli, studies regarding this showed that the ability to process stimuli decreased with age, meaning that younger people were able to perceive more stimuli and fully process them, but were likely to process both relevant and irrelevant information, while older people could process fewer stimuli, but usually processed only relevant information.[23]
Some people can process multiple stimuli, e.g. trained morse code operators have been able to copy 100% of a message while carrying on a meaningful conversation. This relies on the reflexive response due to "overlearning" the skill of morse code reception/detection/transcription so that it is an autonomous function requiring no specific attention to perform.
Most experiments show that one neural correlate of attention is enhanced firing. If a neuron has a certain response to a stimulus when the animal is not attending to the stimulus, then when the animal does attend to the stimulus, the neuron's response will be enhanced even if the physical characteristics of the stimulus remain the same.
In a recent review, Knudsen[24] describes a more general model which identifies four core processes of attention, with working memory at the center:
Neurally, at different hierarchical levels spatial maps can enhance or inhibit activity in sensory areas, and induce orienting behaviors like eye movement.
In many cases attention produces changes in the EEG. Many animals, including humans, produce gamma waves (40–60 Hz) when focusing attention on a particular object or activity.[26]
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