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boxing
box (n.)
1.booth for using a telephone
2.any artifact having a shape similar to a plane geometric figure with four equal sides and four right angles"a checkerboard has 64 squares"
3.a blow with the hand (usually on the ear)"I gave him a good box on the ear"
4.a (usually rectangular) container; may have a lid"he rummaged through a box of spare parts"
5.separate partitioned area in a public place for a few people"the sentry stayed in his box to avoid the cold"
6.private area in a theater or grandstand where a small group can watch the performance"the royal box was empty"
7.the driver's seat on a coach"an armed guard sat in the box with the driver"
8.any one of several designated areas on a ball field where the batter or catcher or coaches are positioned"the umpire warned the batter to stay in the batter's box"
9.evergreen shrubs or small trees
10.the quantity contained in a box"he gave her a box of chocolates"
11.a rectangular drawing"the flowchart contained many boxes"
12.a predicament from which a skillful or graceful escape is impossible"his lying got him into a tight corner"
13.(boxing) a blow with the fist"I gave him a clout on his nose"
14.(colloquial;British)an electronic device that receives television signals and displays them on a screen"the British call a tv set a telly"
box (v. intr.)
1.engage in a boxing match
2.hit with the fist"I'll box your ears!"
3.put into a box"box the gift, please"
boxing (n.)
1.the enclosure of something in a package or box
2.fighting with the fists
Boxing (n.)
1.(MeSH)A two-person sport in which the fists are skillfully used to attack and defend.
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Merriam Webster
BoxBox (bŏks), n. [As. box, L. buxus, fr. Gr. �. See Box a case.] (Bot.) A tree or shrub, flourishing in different parts of the world. The common box (Buxus sempervirens) has two varieties, one of which, the dwarf box (Buxus suffruticosa), is much used for borders in gardens. The wood of the tree varieties, being very hard and smooth, is extensively used in the arts, as by turners, engravers, mathematical instrument makers, etc.
Box elder, the ash-leaved maple (Negundo aceroides), of North America. -- Box holly, the butcher's broom (Russus aculeatus). -- Box thorn, a shrub (Lycium barbarum). -- Box tree, the tree variety of the common box.
BoxBox, n.; pl. Boxes (�) [As. box a small case or vessel with a cover; akin to OHG. buhsa box, G. büchse; fr. L. buxus boxwood, anything made of boxwood. See Pyx, and cf. Box a tree, Bushel.]
1. A receptacle or case of any firm material and of various shapes.
2. The quantity that a box contain.
3. A space with a few seats partitioned off in a theater, or other place of public amusement.
Laughed at by the pit, box, galleries, nay, stage. Dorset.
The boxes and the pit are sovereign judges. Dryden.
4. A chest or any receptacle for the deposit of money; as, a poor box; a contribution box.
Yet since his neighbors give, the churl unlocks,
Damning the poor, his tripple-bolted box. J. Warton.
5. A small country house. “A shooting box.” Wilson.
Tight boxes neatly sashed. Cowper.
6. A boxlike shed for shelter; as, a sentry box.
7. (Mach) (a) An axle box, journal box, journal bearing, or bushing. (b) A chamber or section of tube in which a valve works; the bucket of a lifting pump.
8. The driver's seat on a carriage or coach.
9. A present in a box; a present; esp. a Christmas box or gift. “A Christmas box.” Dickens.
10. (Baseball) The square in which the pitcher stands.
11. (Zoöl.) A Mediterranean food fish; the bogue.
☞ Box is much used adjectively or in composition; as box lid, box maker, box circle, etc.; also with modifying substantives; as money box, letter box, bandbox, hatbox or hat box, snuff box or snuffbox.
Box beam (Arch.), a beam made of metal plates so as to have the form of a long box. -- Box car (Railroads), a freight car covered with a roof and inclosed on the sides to protect its contents. -- Box chronometer, a ship's chronometer, mounted in gimbals, to preserve its proper position. -- Box coat, a thick overcoat for driving; sometimes with a heavy cape to carry off the rain. -- Box coupling, a metal collar uniting the ends of shafts or other parts in machinery. -- Box crab (Zoöl.), a crab of the genus Calappa, which, when at rest with the legs retracted, resembles a box. -- Box drain (Arch.), a drain constructed with upright sides, and with flat top and bottom. -- Box girder (Arch.), a box beam. -- Box groove (Metal Working), a closed groove between two rolls, formed by a collar on one roll fitting between collars on another. R. W. Raymond. -- Box metal, an alloy of copper and tin, or of zinc, lead, and antimony, for the bearings of journals, etc. -- Box plait, a plait that doubles both to the right and the left. -- Box turtle or Box tortoise (Zoöl.), a land tortoise or turtle of the genera Cistudo and Emys; -- so named because it can withdraw entirely within its shell, which can be closed by hinged joints in the lower shell. Also, humorously, an exceedingly reticent person. Emerson. -- In a box, in a perplexity or an embarrassing position; in difficulty. (Colloq.) -- In the wrong box, out of one's place; out of one's element; awkwardly situated. (Colloq.) Ridley (1554)
BoxBox, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxed (�); p. pr. & vb. n. Boxing.]
1. To inclose in a box.
2. To furnish with boxes, as a wheel.
3. (Arch.) To inclose with boarding, lathing, etc., so as to bring to a required form.
To box a tree, to make an incision or hole in a tree for the purpose of procuring the sap. -- To box off, to divide into tight compartments. -- To box up. (a) To put into a box in order to save; as, he had boxed up twelve score pounds. (b) To confine; as, to be boxed up in narrow quarters.
BoxBox, n. [Cf.Dan. baske to slap, bask slap, blow. Cf. Pash.] A blow on the head or ear with the hand.
A good-humored box on the ear. W. Irving.
BoxBox, v. i. To fight with the fist; to combat with, or as with, the hand or fist; to spar.
BoxBox, v. t. To strike with the hand or fist, especially to strike on the ear, or on the side of the head.
BoxBox, v. t. [Cf.Sp. boxar, now spelt bojar.] To boxhaul.
To box off (Naut.), to turn the head of a vessel either way by bracing the headyards aback. -- To box the compass (Naut.), to name the thirty-two points of the compass in their order.
BoxingBox"ing, n.
1. The act of inclosing (anything) in a box, as for storage or transportation.
2. Material used in making boxes or casings.
3. Any boxlike inclosure or recess; a casing.
4. (Arch.) The external case of thin material used to bring any member to a required form.
BoxingBox"ing, n. The act of fighting with the fist; a combat with the fist; sparring; pugilism. Blackstone.
Boxing glove, a large padded mitten or glove used in sparring for exercise or amusement.
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⇨ definição - Wikipedia
box (n.)
biff, bin, booth, boxful, box seat, boxwood, cabin, call-box, canister, case, compartment, corner, cubbyhole, lick, loge, pay-phone, poke, public phone box, punch, slug, sock, square, telephone kiosk, base (sport), call box (British), clout (spéc. anglais britannique), kiosk (British), phone booth (American), phone box (British), telephone booth (American), telephone box (British)
box (n.) (colloquial;British)
boob tube, goggle box, idiot box, small screen, television, television receiver, television set, tv set, telly (colloquial, British), tube (colloquial, American), tv (abbreviation)
box (v. intr.)
Ver também
box (v. intr.)
↗ boxing, fisticuffs, pugilism ≠ unbox
box (n.)
boxing (n.)
↘ box, boxer, prize fighter, pugilist
⇨ Box Jellyfish • Box Protein 1, High Mobility Group • Box Protein 2, High Mobility Group • Box Protein 3, High Mobility Group • Christmas box • European box • black box • box Kodak • box beam • box calf • box camera • box coat • box elder • box end wrench • box family • box girder • box huckleberry • box in • box kite • box number • box of blocks • box of bricks • box of building blocks • box of paints • box office • box office clerk • box on the ear • box on the ears • box pleat • box s.o.'s ears • box seat • box spanner • box spring • box the compass • box tortoise • box turtle • box up • box white oak • box wrench • box, in • box-calf • box-end wrench • box-office bomb • box-office success • box-shaped • call box • call-box • common box • first-aid box • give a box on the ear • money box • money-box • mountain box • musical box • play-box • post-office box number • telephone box
⇨ Boxing Day • boxing equipment • boxing glove • boxing match • boxing ring • boxing-glove • boxing-match • professional boxing • shadow boxing
⇨ 1971 in Boxing • 1974 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 1978 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 1982 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 1986 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 1989 European Amateur Boxing Championships • 1989 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 1991 European Amateur Boxing Championships • 1993 European Amateur Boxing Championships • 1993 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 1995 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 1996 European Amateur Boxing Championships • 1997 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 1998 European Amateur Boxing Championships • 1999 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 2000 European Amateur Boxing Championships • 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 2002 European Amateur Boxing Championships • 2003 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 2004 European Amateur Boxing Championships • 2005 World Amateur Boxing Championships • 2006 European Amateur Boxing Championships • 2006 World Women's Boxing Championship • 4D Sports Boxing • ABC Wide World of Sports Boxing • Amateur boxing • Ancient Greek boxing • Andrew Lewis (boxing) • Bare-knuckle boxing • Barry McGuigan World Championship Boxing • Best Bout Boxing • Boxing (dance) • Boxing (disambiguation) • Boxing (video game) • Boxing After Dark • Boxing Day • Boxing Day Challenge • Boxing Day Dip • Boxing Day Storm • Boxing Day Test • Boxing Day shooting • Boxing Hefner • Boxing Helena • Boxing Week • Boxing World Cup • Boxing at the 1904 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Bantamweight • Boxing at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Flyweight • Boxing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Bantamweight • Boxing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Featherweight • Boxing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Lightweight • Boxing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Middleweight • Boxing at the 1920 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1924 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1928 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1932 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1936 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1948 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1952 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1956 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Bantamweight • Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Featherweight • Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Flyweight • Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Heavyweight • Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Light heavyweight • Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Light middleweight • Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Light welterweight • Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Lightweight • Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Middleweight • Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Welterweight • Boxing at the 1968 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1972 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1984 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1991 Pan American Games • Boxing at the 1992 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1995 Pan American Games • Boxing at the 1996 Summer Olympics • Boxing at the 1999 Pan American Games • Boxing at the 2003 All-Africa Games • Boxing at the 2003 Pan American Games • Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Bantamweight • Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Featherweight • Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Flyweight • Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Heavyweight • Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Light flyweight • Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Light heavyweight • Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Light welterweight • Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Lightweight • Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Middleweight • Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Super heavyweight • Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Welterweight • Boxing at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games • Boxing at the 2006 Asian Games • Boxing at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games • Boxing at the 2006 Commonwealth Games • Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics • Boxing champions • Boxing glove • Boxing in Latin America • Boxing in the 1960s • Boxing in the 1970s • Boxing in the 1980s • Boxing in the 1990s • Boxing in the 2000s • Boxing out • Boxing ring • Boxing styles and technique • Boxing the clown • Boxing the compass • Boxing training • Celebrity Boxing • Chess boxing • Chin (boxing) • Cross (boxing) • David Reid (boxing) • Don King (boxing promoter) • European Amateur Boxing Championships • Family Boxing • Foxy boxing • Freddie Roach (boxing) • French Boxing • George Foreman's KO Boxing • HBO World Championship Boxing • Helmet Boxing • International Boxing Association (professional body) • International Boxing Club of New York • International Boxing Federation • International Boxing Hall of Fame • International Boxing Organization • International Boxing Union • International Women's Boxing Federation • Jorge Rubio (boxing trainer) • Kayo boxing cards • Kazakhstan national amateur boxing athletes • La Colonia Youth Boxing Club • Lao national amateur boxing athletes • List of bantamweight boxing champions • List of boxing families • List of current world boxing champions • List of featherweight boxing champions • List of heavyweight boxing champions • List of light flyweight boxing champions • List of light heavyweight boxing champions • List of lightweight boxing champions • List of middleweight boxing champions • List of strawweight boxing champions • List of super bantamweight boxing champions • List of super featherweight boxing champions • List of super flyweight boxing champions • List of super lightweight boxing champions • List of super middleweight boxing champions • List of super welterweight boxing champions • List of undisputed boxing champions • List of welterweight boxing champions • Malaysia national amateur boxing athletes • Miguel Diaz (boxing) • Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act • Multi-boxing • National Collegiate Boxing Association • No contest (boxing) • North American Boxing Council • North American Boxing Organization • Peek-a-Boo (boxing style) • Philippine national amateur boxing athletes • Professional boxing • Puerto Rican – Mexican boxing rivalry • Tent boxing • Thai boxing • Thai kick boxing • Thailand national amateur boxing athletes • The distance (boxing) • Turkey at the 2006 World Women's Boxing Championship • United States national amateur boxing bantamweight champions • United States national amateur boxing featherweight champions • United States national amateur boxing flyweight champions • United States national amateur boxing heavyweight champions • United States national amateur boxing light flyweight champions • United States national amateur boxing light heavyweight champions • United States national amateur boxing light middleweight champions • United States national amateur boxing light welterweight champions • United States national amateur boxing lightweight champions • United States national amateur boxing middleweight champions • United States national amateur boxing super heavyweight champions • United States national amateur boxing welterweight champions • Uzbekistan national amateur boxing athletes • Women's International Boxing Association • Women's International Kick Boxing Association • Women's boxing • World Amateur Boxing Championships • World Boxing Association • World Boxing Council • World Boxing Empire • World Boxing Hall of Fame • World Boxing Hall of Fame Inductees • World Boxing Organization • World Boxing Union • World Chess Boxing Organisation
box (n.)
don d'une somme d'argent (fr)[Classe]
box (n.)
case; bin; canister; box[ClasseHyper.]
outil de la pêche à la ligne (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
horloge (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
box (n.)
box; crate[Classe]
petite chose (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
box (n.)
propriété de contenir une qté, un volume (fr)[Classe]
(case; bin; canister; box)[termes liés]
box (n.)
booth, cubicle, kiosk, stall[Hyper.]
box (n.)
case; bin; canister; box[Classe]
alveolus; cell; compartment[Classe]
chose ou objet carré (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
case (emplacement sur un plateau de jeu) (fr)[Classe]
partie (fr)[Classe...]
jeu d'échecs (fr)[termes liés]
armoire (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
jeux de société (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
plateau de jeu (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
artefact, artifact[Hyper.]
square, square up - square[Dérivé]
box (n.) [colloquial , British]
TV; television receiver; television; television set; tv; tv set; idiot box; boob tube; telly; goggle box; small screen[ClasseHyper.]
receiver, receiving system[Hyper.]
box (n.)
blow, crack, hit, stroke[Hyper.]
box (n.)
container[Hyper.]
box, package, prepackage - boxlike, box-shaped, boxy[Dérivé]
box (n.)
compartment[Hyper.]
box (n.)
compartment[Hyper.]
balcony[Desc]
box (n.)
box (n.)
Buxus, genus Buxus[membre]
bush, shrub[Hyper.]
box (n.)
containerful[Hyper.]
box (n.)
rectangle[Hyper.]
box (n.)
plight, predicament, quandary[Hyper.]
corner, tree[Dérivé]
box (n.)
accessoire de la boxe (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
(male member; cock; dick; prick; penis; phallus; willy; pecker), (rut), (have a hard on)[termes liés]
pièce d'une armure (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
équipement du joueur de football américain (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
box (n.)
sock; punch; clout; poke; lick; biff; slug[ClasseHyper.]
thump; wallop; slap[Classe]
box (n.)
commission de l'agriculture et pêche (fr)[Domaine]
Pêches maritimes (fr)[Domaine]
box (n.)
commission de l'agriculture et pêche (fr)[Domaine]
Pêches maritimes (fr)[Domaine]
box (n.)
commission de l'équipement et des transports (fr)[Domaine]
Bâtiment (fr)[Domaine]
box (v. intr.)
être en compétition sportive (fr)[Classe]
(sock; punch; clout; poke; lick; biff; slug), (prize fighter; pugilist; boxer), (boxing; pugilism; fisticuffs)[termes liés]
contend, fight, struggle[Hyper.]
boxing, fisticuffs, pugilism[GenV+comp]
box - boxer, prize fighter, pugilist[Dérivé]
box (v. intr.)
buffet, hit, strike[Hyper.]
box - boxing, fisticuffs, pugilism - boxer, prize fighter, pugilist[Dérivé]
box (v. intr.)
Boxing (n.) [MeSH]
Athletics, Sports[Hyper.]
boxing (n.)
enclosing, enclosure, envelopment, inclosure[Hyper.]
pack - box, package, prepackage[Dérivé]
boxing (n.)
combat sport[Classe]
boxing; pugilism; fisticuffs[ClasseHyper.]
contact sport - athletics, sport, sports[Hyper.]
box - box - boxer, prize fighter, pugilist - pugilistic[Dérivé]
Wikipedia
Box (plural boxes) describes a variety of containers and receptacles for permanent use as storage, or for temporary use often for transporting contents. The word derives from the Greek πύξος (puxos), "box, boxwood".[1][2]
Boxes may be made of durable materials such as wood or metal, or of corrugated fiberboard, paperboard, or other non-durable materials. The size may vary from very small (e.g., a matchbox) to the size of a large appliance. A corrugated box is a very common shipping container. When no specific shape is described, a box of rectangular cross-section with all sides flat may be expected, but a box may have a horizontal cross section that is square, elongated, round or oval; sloped or domed top surfaces, or non-vertical sides.
A decorative or storage box may be opened by raising, pulling, sliding or removing the lid, which may be hinged and/or fastened by a catch, clasp, or lock.
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Several types of boxes are used in packaging and storage.
Depending on locale and specific usage, the terms carton and box are sometimes used interchangeably.
Boxes for storing various items in can often be very decorative, as they are intended for permanent use and sometimes are put on display.
In electrical terminology, a "box" is used to contain and protect connections, thus:
Boxes where postmen deposit incoming mail for the recipient include:
A relay box is similar to a post or mail box, but totally locked; post office trucks deposit mail that is then retrieved and delivered by pedestrian mail carriers. In the United States, they are painted differently than collection boxes.
Look up box in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Boxes |
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
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Ricardo Dominguez (left) throws an uppercut on Rafael Ortiz (right). |
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Also known as | Pugilism, English boxing, Western Boxing, Sweet Science, Gentleman's Sport |
---|---|
Focus | Punching strikes |
Country of origin | Greece (Ancient Boxing) United Kingdom (Modern Boxing) |
Creator | Various fighters |
Parenthood | Unknown |
Olympic sport | Since 688 B.C. |
Boxing (pugilism, prize fighting, or the sweet science) is a combat sport in which two people engage in a contest of strength, reflexes, and endurance by throwing punches at an opponent with the goal of a knockout with gloved hands.
Amateur boxing is an Olympic and Commonwealth sport and is a common fixture in most of the major international games - it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one to three minute intervals called rounds. The result is decided when an opponent is deemed incapable to continue by a referee, is disqualified for breaking a rule, resigns by throwing in a towel, or is pronounced the winner or loser based on the judges' scorecards at the end of the contest.
The birth hour of boxing as a sport may be its acceptance by the ancient Greeks as an Olympic game as early as 688 BC. Boxing evolved from 16th and 18th century prizefights (detailed further down the page), largely in Great Britain, to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid 19th century, again initially in Great Britain and later in the United States. In 2004, ESPN ranked boxing as the most difficult sport in the world.[1]
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Fist fighting depicted in Sumerian relief carvings from the 3rd millennium BC, while an ancient Egyptian relief from the 2nd millennium BC depicts both fist-fighters and spectators.[2] Both depictions show bare-fisted contests.[2] Other depictions can be seen in Assyrian, Babylonian and Hittite art. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete (c. 1500–900 BC), and on Sardinia, if we consider the boxing statues of Prama mountains (c. 2000–1000 BC).[2]
Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again and interest in fighting with the fists waned. However, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Fistfight. As the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a bare-knuckle fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury, and the first English bare-knuckle champion was James Figg in 1719.[3] This is also the time when the word "boxing" first came to be used. It should be noted, that this earliest form of modern boxing was very different. Contests in Mr. Figg's time, in addition to fistfighting, also contained fencing and cudgeling. On 6 January 1681, the first recorded boxing match took place in Britain when Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle (and later Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica) engineered a bout between his butler and his butcher with the latter winning the prize.
Early fighting had written rules. There were no weight divisions or round limits, and no referee. In general, it was extremely chaotic. The first boxing rules, called the Broughton's rules, were introduced by champion Jack Broughton in 1743 to protect fighters in the ring where deaths sometimes occurred.[4] Under these rules, if a man went down and could not continue after a count of 30 seconds, the fight was over. Hitting a downed fighter and grasping below the waist were prohibited. Broughton also invented and encouraged the use of "mufflers", a form of padded gloves, which were used in training and exhibitions. The first paper on boxing was published in the late 18th century by successful Birmingham boxer 'William Futrell' who remained undefeated until his one hour and seventeen minute fight at Smitham Bottom, Croydon, on July 9, 1788 against a much younger "Gentleman" John Jackson which was attended by the Prince of Wales.
These rules did allow the fighters an advantage not enjoyed by today's boxers: They permitted the fighter to drop to one knee to begin a 30-second count at any time. Thus a fighter realizing he was in trouble had an opportunity to recover. However, this was considered "unmanly"[5] and was frequently disallowed by additional rules negotiated by the Seconds of the Boxers.[6] Intentionally going down in modern boxing will cause the recovering fighter to lose points in the scoring system. Furthermore, as the contestants did not have heavy leather gloves and wristwraps to protect their hands, a certain amount of restraint was required when striking the head.
In 1838, the London Prize Ring rules were codified. Later revised in 1853, they stipulated the following:[7]
In 1867, the Marquess of Queensberry rules were drafted by John Chambers for amateur championships held at Lillie Bridge in London for Lightweights, Middleweights and Heavyweights. The rules were published under the patronage of the Marquess of Queensberry, whose name has always been associated with them.
There were twelve rules in all, and they specified that fights should be "a fair stand-up boxing match" in a 24-foot-square or similar ring. Rounds were three minutes long with one minute rest intervals between rounds. Each fighter was given a ten-second count if he was knocked down and wrestling was banned.
The introduction of gloves of "fair-size" also changed the nature of the bouts. An average pair of boxing gloves resembles a bloated pair of mittens and are laced up around the wrists.[9] The gloves can be used to block an opponent's blows. As a result of their introduction, bouts became longer and more strategic with greater importance attached to defensive maneuvers such as slipping, bobbing, countering and angling. Because less defensive emphasis was placed on the use of the forearms and more on the gloves, the classical forearms outwards, torso leaning back stance of the bare knuckle boxer was modified to a more modern stance in which the torso is tilted forward and the hands are held closer to the face.
Through the late nineteenth century, boxing or prizefighting was primarily a sport of dubious legitimacy. Outlawed in England and much of the United States, prizefights were often held at gambling venues and broken up by police.[citation needed] Brawling and wrestling tactics continued, and riots at prizefights were common occurrences. Still, throughout this period, there arose some notable bare knuckle champions who developed fairly sophisticated fighting tactics.
The English case of R v. Coney in 1882 found that a bare-knuckle fight was an assault occasioning actual bodily harm, despite the consent of the participants. This marked the end of widespread public bare-knuckle contests in England.
The first world heavyweight champion under the Queensberry Rules was "Gentleman Jim" Corbett, who defeated John L. Sullivan in 1892 at the Pelican Athletic Club in New Orleans.[10]
Throughout the early twentieth century, boxers struggled to achieve legitimacy, aided by the influence of promoters like Tex Rickard and the popularity of great champions from John L. Sullivan to Jack Dempsey. Shortly after this era, boxing commissions and other sanctioning bodies were established to regulate the sport and establish universally recognized champions.
The Marquess of Queensberry rules have been the general rules governing modern boxing since their publication in 1867.
A boxing match typically consists of a determined number of three-minute rounds, a total of up to 12 rounds (formerly 15). A minute is typically spent between each round with the fighters in their assigned corners receiving advice and attention from their coach and staff. The fight is controlled by a referee who works within the ring to judge and control the conduct of the fighters, rule on their ability to fight safely, count knocked-down fighters, and rule on fouls. Up to three judges are typically present at ringside to score the bout and assign points to the boxers, based on punches that connect, defense, knockdowns, and other, more subjective, measures. Because of the open-ended style of boxing judging, many fights have controversial results, in which one or both fighters believe they have been "robbed" or unfairly denied a victory. Each fighter has an assigned corner of the ring, where his or her coach, as well as one or more "seconds" may administer to the fighter at the beginning of the fight and between rounds. Each boxer enters into the ring from their assigned corners at the beginning of each round and must cease fighting and return to their corner at the signaled end of each round.
A bout in which the predetermined number of rounds passes is decided by the judges, and is said to "go the distance". The fighter with the higher score at the end of the fight is ruled the winner. With three judges, unanimous and split decisions are possible, as are draws. A boxer may win the bout before a decision is reached through a knockout; such bouts are said to have ended "inside the distance". If a fighter is knocked down during the fight, determined by whether the boxer touches the canvas floor of the ring with any part of their body other than the feet as a result of the opponent's punch and not a slip, as determined by the referee, the referee begins counting until the fighter returns to his or her feet and can continue. Should the referee count to ten, then the knocked-down boxer is ruled "knocked out" (whether unconscious or not) and the other boxer is ruled the winner by knockout (KO). A "technical knockout" (TKO) is possible as well, and is ruled by the referee, fight doctor, or a fighter's corner if a fighter is unable to safely continue to fight, based upon injuries or being judged unable to effectively defend themselves. Many jurisdictions and sanctioning agencies also have a "three-knockdown rule", in which three knockdowns in a given round result in a TKO. A TKO is considered a knockout in a fighter's record. A "standing eight" count rule may also be in effect. This gives the referee the right to step in and administer a count of eight to a fighter that he feels may be in danger, even if no knockdown has taken place. After counting the referee will observe the fighter, and decide if he is fit to continue. For scoring purposes, a standing eight count is treated as a knockdown.
In general, boxers are prohibited from hitting below the belt, holding, tripping, pushing, biting, or spitting. The boxer's shorts are raised so the opponent is not allowed to hit to the groin area with intent to cause pain or injury. Failure to abide by the former may result in a foul or wallet slap. They also are prohibited from kicking, head-butting, or hitting with any part of the arm other than the knuckles of a closed fist (including hitting with the elbow, shoulder or forearm, as well as with open gloves, the wrist, the inside, back or side of the hand). They are prohibited as well from hitting the back, back of the neck or head (called a "rabbit-punch") or the kidneys. They are prohibited from holding the ropes for support when punching, holding an opponent while punching, or ducking below the belt of their opponent (dropping below the waist of your opponent, no matter the distance between). If a "clinch" – a defensive move in which a boxer wraps his or her opponents arms and holds on to create a pause – is broken by the referee, each fighter must take a full step back before punching again (alternatively, the referee may direct the fighters to "punch out" of the clinch). When a boxer is knocked down, the other boxer must immediately cease fighting and move to the furthest neutral corner of the ring until the referee has either ruled a knockout or called for the fight to continue.
Violations of these rules may be ruled "fouls" by the referee, who may issue warnings, deduct points, or disqualify an offending boxer, causing an automatic loss, depending on the seriousness and intentionality of the foul. An intentional foul that causes injury that prevents a fight from continuing usually causes the boxer who committed it to be disqualified. A fighter who suffers an accidental low-blow may be given up to five minutes to recover, after which they may be ruled knocked out if they are unable to continue. Accidental fouls that cause injury ending a bout may lead to a "no contest" result, or else cause the fight to go to a decision if enough rounds (typically four or more, or at least three in a four-round fight) have passed.
Unheard of these days, but common during the early 20th Century in North America, a "newspaper decision (NWS)" might be made after a no decision bout had ended. A "no decision" bout occurred when, by law or by pre-arrangement of the fighters, if both boxers were still standing at the fight's conclusion and there was no knockout, no official decision was rendered and neither boxer was declared the winner. But this did not prevent the pool of ringside newspaper reporters from declaring a consensus result among themselves and printing a newspaper decision in their publications. Officially, however, a "no decision" bout resulted in neither boxer winning or losing. Boxing historians sometimes use these unofficial newspaper decisions in compiling fight records for illustrative purposes only. Often, media outlets covering a match will personally score the match, and post their scores as an independent sentence in their report.
Throughout the 17th through 19th centuries, boxing bouts were motivated by money, as the fighters competed for prize money, promoters controlled the gate, and spectators bet on the result. The modern Olympic movement revived interest in amateur sports, and amateur boxing became an Olympic sport in 1908. In their current form, Olympic and other amateur bouts are typically limited to three or four rounds, scoring is computed by points based on the number of clean blows landed, regardless of impact, and fighters wear protective headgear, reducing the number of injuries, knockdowns, and knockouts. Currently scoring blows in amateur boxing are subjectively counted by ringside judges, but the Australian Institute for Sport has demonstrated a prototype of an Automated Boxing Scoring System, which introduces scoring objectivity, improves safety, and arguably makes the sport more interesting to spectators. Professional boxing remains by far the most popular form of the sport globally, though amateur boxing is dominant in Cuba and some former Soviet republics. For most fighters, an amateur career, especially at the Olympics, serves to develop skills and gain experience in preparation for a professional career.
Amateur boxing may be found at the collegiate level, at the Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games, and in many other venues sanctioned by amateur boxing associations. Amateur boxing has a point scoring system that measures the number of clean blows landed rather than physical damage. Bouts consist of three rounds of three minutes in the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, and three rounds of three minutes in a national ABA (Amateur Boxing Association) bout, each with a one-minute interval between rounds.
Competitors wear protective headgear and gloves with a white strip across the knuckle. A punch is considered a scoring punch only when the boxers connect with the white portion of the gloves. Each punch that lands cleanly on the head or torso with sufficient force is awarded a point. A referee monitors the fight to ensure that competitors use only legal blows. A belt worn over the torso represents the lower limit of punches – any boxer repeatedly landing low blows (below the belt) is disqualified. Referees also ensure that the boxers don't use holding tactics to prevent the opponent from swinging. If this occurs, the referee separates the opponents and orders them to continue boxing. Repeated holding can result in a boxer being penalized or ultimately disqualified. Referees will stop the bout if a boxer is seriously injured, if one boxer is significantly dominating the other or if the score is severely imbalanced.[11] Amateur bouts which end this way may be noted as "RSC" (referee stopped contest) with notations for an outclassed opponent (RSCO), outscored opponent (RSCOS), injury (RSCI) or head injury (RSCH).
Professional bouts are usually much longer than amateur bouts, typically ranging from ten to twelve rounds, though four round fights are common for less experienced fighters or club fighters. There are also some two-[12] and three-round professional bouts,[13] especially in Australia. Through the early twentieth century, it was common for fights to have unlimited rounds, ending only when one fighter quit, benefiting high-energy fighters like Jack Dempsey. Fifteen rounds remained the internationally recognized limit for championship fights for most of the twentieth century until the early 1980s, when the death of boxer Duk Koo Kim reduced the limit to twelve.
Headgear is not permitted in professional bouts, and boxers are generally allowed to take much more damage before a fight is halted. At any time, however, the referee may stop the contest if he believes that one participant cannot defend himself due to injury. In that case, the other participant is awarded a technical knockout win. A technical knockout would also be awarded if a fighter lands a punch that opens a cut on the opponent, and the opponent is later deemed not fit to continue by a doctor because of the cut. For this reason, fighters often employ cutmen, whose job is to treat cuts between rounds so that the boxer is able to continue despite the cut. If a boxer simply quits fighting, or if his corner stops the fight, then the winning boxer is also awarded a technical knockout victory. In contrast with amateur boxing, professional male boxers have to be bare chested.[14]
"Style" is often defined as the strategic approach a fighter takes during a bout. No two fighters' styles are alike, as it is determined by that individual's physical and mental attributes.
A classic "boxer" or stylist (also known as an "out-fighter") seeks to maintain distance between himself and his opponent, fighting with faster, longer range punches, most notably the jab, and gradually wearing his opponent down. Due to this reliance on weaker punches, out-fighters tend to win by point decisions rather than by knockout, though some out-fighters have notable knockout records. They are often regarded as the best boxing strategists due to their ability to control the pace of the fight and lead their opponent, methodically wearing him down and exhibiting more skill and finesse than a brawler[citation needed]. Out-fighters need reach, hand speed, reflexes, and footwork.
Notable out-fighters include Muhammad Ali, Salvador Sanchez, Gene Tunney,[15] Ezzard Charles,[16] Willie Pep,[17] Meldrick Taylor, Ricardo Lopez, Larry Holmes, Roy Jones, Jr., Joe Calzaghe, and Sugar Ray Leonard. This style was also used by fictional boxer Apollo Creed.
A boxer-puncher is a well-rounded boxer who is able to fight at close range with a combination of technique and power, often with the ability to knock opponents out with a combination and in some instances a single shot. Their movement and tactics are similar to that of an out-fighter (although they are generally not as mobile as an out-fighter[citation needed]), but instead of winning by decision, they tend to wear their opponents down using combinations and then move in to score the knockout. A boxer must be well rounded to be effective using this style.
Notable boxer-punchers include Nonito Donaire, Sam Langford,[18] Henry Armstrong,[19] Joe Louis,[20] Sugar Ray Robinson,[21] Tony Zale, Archie Moore, Carlos Monzón[22] Alexis Argüello, Erik Morales, Lennox Lewis, Wladimir Klitschko, Oscar de la Hoya, Terry Norris, Marco Antonio Barrera, Manny Pacquiao, Thomas Hearns, Miguel Cotto and Victor Ortiz.
A brawler is a fighter who generally lacks finesse and footwork in the ring, but makes up for it through sheer punching power. Mainly Irish, Irish-American, Mexican, and Mexican-American boxers popularized this style. Many brawlers tend to lack mobility, preferring a less mobile, more stable platform and have difficulty pursuing fighters who are fast on their feet. They may also have a tendency to ignore combination punching in favour of continuous beat-downs with one hand and by throwing slower, more powerful single punches (such as hooks and uppercuts). Their slowness and predictable punching pattern (single punches with obvious leads) often leaves them open to counter punches, so successful brawlers must be able to absorb substantial amounts of punishment. A brawler's most important assets are power and chin (the ability to absorb punishment while remaining able to continue boxing). This is the image most people think about when they get into boxing for self-defense in street fights. Because most street fights use fists rather than kicks (mostly happen in crowded places, you need distance to kick), boxing has become one of the top sports for "club" self defense. Examples of this style include John L. Sullivan, Max Baer, Ray Mancini, George Foreman, Sonny Liston, David Tua, Arturo Gatti, "Irish" Micky Ward, Michael Katsidis, James Kirkland, and Ireland's John Duddy. This style of boxing was also used by fictional boxer Rocky Balboa.
In-fighters/swarmers (sometimes called "pressure fighters") attempt to stay close to an opponent, throwing intense flurries and combinations of hooks and uppercuts. A successful in-fighter often needs a good "chin" because swarming usually involves being hit with many jabs before they can maneuver inside where they are more effective. In-fighters operate best at close range because they are generally shorter and have less reach than their opponents and thus are more effective at a short distance where the longer arms of their opponents make punching awkward. However, several fighters tall for their division have been relatively adept at in-fighting as well as out-fighting. The essence of a swarmer is non-stop aggression. Many short in-fighters utilize their stature to their advantage, employing a bob-and-weave defense by bending at the waist to slip underneath or to the sides of incoming punches. Unlike blocking, causing an opponent to miss a punch disrupts his balance, permits forward movement past the opponent's extended arm and keeps the hands free to counter. A distinct advantage that in-fighters have is when throwing uppercuts where they can channel their entire bodyweight behind the punch; Mike Tyson was famous for throwing devastating uppercuts. Julio César Chávez was known for his hard "chin", punching power, body attack and the stalking of his opponents. Some in-fighters, like Mike Tyson, have been known for being notoriously hard to hit. The key to a swarmer is aggression, endurance, chin, and bobbing-and-weaving.
Notable in-fighters include Mike Tyson, Harry Greb,[23] Jack Dempsey,[24] Rocky Marciano,[25] Joe Frazier, Jake LaMotta, David Tua, Ricky Hatton and Julio César Chávez.
Counter punchers are slippery, defensive style fighters who often rely on their opponent's mistakes in order to gain the advantage whether it be on the score cards or more preferably a knockout. They use their well rounded defense to avoid or block shots and then immediately catch the opponent off guard with a well placed and timed punch. Thus, fighting against counter punchers requires constant feinting and never telegraphing a punch for the counter puncher to generate a good offense from. To be successful using this style they must have good reflexes, intelligence, punch accuracy, and good hand speed.
Notable counter punchers include Jim Corbett, Jack Johnson, Laszlo Papp, Jerry Quarry, Anselmo Moreno, Chris Byrd, Bernard Hopkins, Vitali Klitschko, James Toney, Marvin Hagler, Evander Holyfield, Juan Manuel Márquez, Humberto Soto, Floyd Mayweather, Jr., Roger Mayweather, Pernell Whitaker, and Max Schmeling.
All fighters have primary skills with which they feel most comfortable, but truly elite fighters are often able to incorporate auxiliary styles when presented with a particular challenge. For example, an out-fighter will sometimes plant his feet and counter punch, or a slugger may have the stamina to pressure fight with his power punches.
There is a generally accepted rule of thumb about the success each of these boxing styles has against the others. In general, an in-fighter has an advantage over an out-fighter, an out-fighter has an advantage over a puncher, and a puncher has an advantage over an in-fighter; these form a cycle with each style being stronger relative to one, and weaker relative to another, with none dominating, as in rock-paper-scissors. Naturally, many other factors, such as the skill level and training of the combatants, determine the outcome of a fight, but the widely held belief in this relationship among the styles is embodied in the cliché amongst boxing fans and writers that "styles make fights."
Brawlers tend to overcome swarmers or in-fighters because, in trying to get close to the slugger, the in-fighter will invariably have to walk straight into the guns of the much harder-hitting brawler, so, unless the former has a very good chin and the latter's stamina is poor, the brawler's superior power will carry the day. A famous example of this type of match-up advantage would be George Foreman's knockout victory over Joe Frazier.
Although in-fighters struggle against heavy sluggers, they typically enjoy more success against out-fighters or boxers. Out-fighters prefer a slower fight, with some distance between themselves and the opponent. The in-fighter tries to close that gap and unleash furious flurries. On the inside, the out-fighter loses a lot of his combat effectiveness, because he cannot throw the hard punches. The in-fighter is generally successful in this case, due to his intensity in advancing on his opponent and his good agility, which makes him difficult to evade. For example, the swarming Joe Frazier, though easily dominated by the slugger George Foreman, was able to create many more problems for the boxer Muhammad Ali in their three fights. Joe Louis, after retirement, admitted that he hated being crowded, and that swarmers like untied/undefeated champ Rocky Marciano would have caused him style problems even in his prime.
The boxer or out-fighter tends to be most successful against a brawler, whose slow speed (both hand and foot) and poor technique makes him an easy target to hit for the faster out-fighter. The out-fighter's main concern is to stay alert, as the brawler only needs to land one good punch to finish the fight. If the out-fighter can avoid those power punches, he can often wear the brawler down with fast jabs, tiring him out. If he is successful enough, he may even apply extra pressure in the later rounds in an attempt to achieve a knockout. Most classic boxers, such as Muhammad Ali, enjoyed their best successes against sluggers.
An example of a style matchup was the historical fight of Julio César Chávez, a swarmer or in-fighter, against Meldrick Taylor, the boxer or out-fighter (see Chavez versus Taylor). The match was nicknamed "Thunder Meets Lightning" as an allusion to tremendous punching power of Chávez and blinding speed of Taylor. Chávez was the epitome of the "Mexican" style of boxing. He relentlessly stalked and closed in on the other fighter, ignoring whatever punishment he took for the chance to dish out his own at close range, particularly in the form of a crunching body attack that would either wear down his opponents until they collapsed in pain and exhaustion, or became too tired to defend as Chávez shifted his attack to the head and went for a knockout. During the fight, Taylor's brilliant hand and foot speed and boxing abilities gave him the early advantage, allowing him to begin building a large lead on points, but in the end, Chavez's punishment wore down Taylor and knocked him down with a tremendous right hand in the last round.
Since boxing involves forceful, repetitive punching, precautions must be taken to prevent damage to bones in the hand. Most trainers do not allow boxers to train and spar without wrist wraps and boxing gloves. Hand wraps are used to secure the bones in the hand, and the gloves are used to protect the hands from blunt injury, allowing boxers to throw punches with more force than if they did not utilize them. Gloves have been required in competition since the late nineteenth century, though modern boxing gloves are much heavier than those worn by early twentieth-century fighters. Prior to a bout, both boxers agree upon the weight of gloves to be used in the bout, with the understanding that lighter gloves allow heavy punchers to inflict more damage. The brand of gloves can also affect the impact of punches, so this too is usually stipulated before a bout. A mouth guard is important to protect the teeth and gums from injury, and to cushion the jaw, resulting in a decreased chance of knockout. Both fighters must wear soft soled shoes to reduce the damage from accidental (or intentional) stepping on feet. While older boxing boots more commonly resembled those of a professional wrestler, modern boxing shoes and boots tend to be quite similar to their amateur wrestling counterparts.
Boxers practice their skills on two basic types of punching bags. A small, tear-drop-shaped "speed bag" is used to hone reflexes and repetitive punching skills, while a large cylindrical "heavy bag" filled with sand, a synthetic substitute, or water is used to practice power punching and body blows. In addition to these distinctive pieces of equipment, boxers also utilize sport-nonspecific training equipment to build strength, speed, agility, and stamina. Common training equipment includes free weights, rowing machines, jump rope, and medicine balls.
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Boxing styles and technique. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2011. |
The modern boxing stance differs substantially from the typical boxing stances of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The modern stance has a more upright vertical-armed guard, as opposed to the more horizontal, knuckles-facing-forward guard adopted by early 20th century hook users such as Jack Johnson.
In a fully upright stance, the boxer stands with the legs shoulder-width apart and the rear foot a half-step in front of the lead man. Right-handed or orthodox boxers lead with the left foot and fist (for most penetration power). Both feet are parallel, and the right heel is off the ground. The lead (left) fist is held vertically about six inches in front of the face at eye level. The rear (right) fist is held beside the chin and the elbow tucked against the ribcage to protect the body. The chin is tucked into the chest to avoid punches to the jaw which commonly cause knock-outs and is often kept slightly offcenter. Wrists are slightly bent to avoid damage when punching and the elbows are kept tucked in to protect the ribcage. Some boxers fight from a crouch, leaning forward and keeping their feet closer together. The stance described is considered the "textbook" stance and fighters are encouraged to change it around once its been mastered as a base. Case in point, many fast fighters have their hands down and have almost exaggerated footwork, while brawlers or bully fighters tend to slowly stalk their opponents.
Left-handed or southpaw fighters use a mirror image of the orthodox stance, which can create problems for orthodox fighters unaccustomed to receiving jabs, hooks, or crosses from the opposite side. The southpaw stance, conversely, is vulnerable to a straight right hand.
North American fighters tend to favor a more balanced stance, facing the opponent almost squarely, while many European fighters stand with their torso turned more to the side. The positioning of the hands may also vary, as some fighters prefer to have both hands raised in front of the face, risking exposure to body shots.
Modern boxers can sometimes be seen tapping their cheeks or foreheads with their fists in order to remind themselves to keep their hands up (which becomes difficult during long bouts). Boxers are taught to push off with their feet in order to move effectively. Forward motion involves lifting the lead leg and pushing with the rear leg. Rearward motion involves lifting the rear leg and pushing with the lead leg. During lateral motion the leg in the direction of the movement moves first while the opposite leg provides the force needed to move the body.
There are four basic punches in boxing: the jab, straight right/left hand, hook and uppercut. If a boxer is right-handed (orthodox), his left hand is the lead hand and his right hand is the rear hand. For a left-handed boxer or southpaw, the hand positions are reversed. For clarity, the following discussion will assume a right-handed boxer.
Cross - in counter-punch with a looping
Short straight-punch – in short range and close range
Cross-counter (counter punch)
Half uppercut - a combination of a wide Uppercut/straight punch
These different punch types can be thrown in rapid succession to form combinations or "combos". The most common is the jab and cross combination, nicknamed the "one-two combo". This is usually an effective combination, because the jab blocks the opponent's view of the cross, making it easier to land cleanly and forcefully.
A large, swinging circular punch starting from a cocked-back position with the arm at a longer extension than the hook and all of the fighter's weight behind it is sometimes referred to as a "roundhouse", "haymaker", or sucker-punch. Relying on body weight and centripetal force within a wide arc, the roundhouse can be a powerful blow, but it is often a wild and uncontrolled punch that leaves the fighter delivering it off balance and with an open guard. Wide, looping punches have the further disadvantage of taking more time to deliver, giving the opponent ample warning to react and counter. For this reason, the haymaker or roundhouse is not a conventional punch, and is regarded by trainers as a mark of poor technique or desperation. Sometimes it has been used, because of its immense potential power, to finish off an already staggering opponent who seems unable or unlikely to take advantage of the poor position it leaves the puncher in.
Another unconventional punch is the rarely used Bolo punch, in which the opponent swings an arm out several times in a wide arc, usually as a distraction, before delivering with either that or the other arm.
There are several basic maneuvers a boxer can use in order to evade or block punches, depicted and discussed below.
Floyd Mayweather, Jr. employed the use of a check hook against Ricky Hatton, which sent Hatton flying head first into the corner post and being knocked down. Hatton managed to get himself to his feet after the knockdown but was clearly dazed and it was only a matter of moments before Mayweather landed a flurry of punches which sent Hatton crashing to the canvas, giving Mayweather a TKO victory in the 10th round and handing Hatton his first ever defeat.
In boxing, each fighter is given a corner of the ring where he rests in between rounds and where his trainers stand. Typically, three men stand in the corner besides the boxer himself; these are the trainer, the assistant trainer and the cutman. The trainer and assistant typically give advice to the boxer on what he is doing wrong as well as encouraging him if he is losing. The cutman is a cutaneous doctor responsible for keeping the boxer's face and eyes free of cuts and blood. This is of particular importance because many fights are stopped because of cuts that threaten the boxer's eyes.
In addition, the corner is responsible for stopping the fight if they feel their fighter is in grave danger of permanent injury. The corner will occasionally throw in a white towel to signify a boxer's surrender (the idiomatic phrase "to throw in the towel", meaning to give up, derives from this practice).[26] This can be seen in the fight between Diego Corrales and Floyd Mayweather. In that fight, Corrales' corner surrendered despite Corrales' steadfast refusal.
Knocking a person unconscious or even causing concussion may cause permanent brain damage.[27] There is no clear division between the force required to knock a person out and the force likely to kill a person[citation needed]. Since 1980, more than 200 amateur boxers, professional boxers and Toughman fighters have died as the result of ring or training injuries.[28] Thus[clarification needed], in 1983, the Journal of the American Medical Association called for a ban on boxing. The editor, Dr. George Lundberg, called boxing an "obscenity" that "should not be sanctioned by any civilized society."[29] Since then, the British,[30] Canadian[31] and Australian[32] Medical Associations also have called for bans on boxing.
Supporters of the ban state that boxing is the only sport where hurting the other athlete is the goal. Dr. Bill O'Neill, boxing spokesman for the British Medical Association, has supported the BMA's proposed ban on boxing: "It is the only sport where the intention is to inflict serious injury on your opponent, and we feel that we must have a total ban on boxing."[33] In 2007, one study of amateur boxers showed that protective headgear did not prevent brain damage,[34] and another found that amateur boxers faced a high risk of brain damage.[35]
In 1997, the American Association of Professional Ringside Physicians was established to create medical protocols through research and education to prevent injuries in boxing.[36][37]
Professional boxing is forbidden in Norway, Iceland, Cuba, Iran and North Korea. It was banned in Sweden until 2007[38] when the ban was lifted but strict restrictions, including four three-minute rounds for fights, were imposed.[citation needed] It was banned in Albania from 1965 till the fall of Communism in 1991. Now it is still legal.
The sport of boxing has two internationally recognized boxing halls of fame; the International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF) and the World Boxing Hall of Fame (WBHF), with the IBHOF being the more widely recognized boxing hall of fame.
The WBHF was founded by Everett L. Sanders in 1980. Since its inception the WBHOF has never had a permanent location or museum, which has allowed the more recent IBHOF to garner more publicity and prestige. Among the notable names in the WBHF are Ricardo "Finito" Lopez, Gabriel "Flash" Elorde, Michael Carbajal, Khaosai Galaxy, Henry Armstrong, Jack Johnson, Roberto Durán, George Foreman, Ceferino Garcia,and Salvador Sanchez. Boxing's International Hall of Fame was inspired by a tribute an American town held for two local heroes in 1982. The town, Canastota, New York, (which is about 15 miles (24 km) east of Syracuse, via the New York State Thruway), honored former world welterweight/middleweight champion Carmen Basilio and his nephew, former world welterweight champion Billy Backus. The people of Canastota raised money for the tribute which inspired the idea of creating an official, annual hall of fame for notable boxers.
The International Boxing Hall of Fame opened in Canastota in 1989. The first inductees in 1990 included Jack Johnson, Benny Leonard, Jack Dempsey, Henry Armstrong, Sugar Ray Robinson, Archie Moore, and Muhammad Ali. Other world-class figures include Salvador Sanchez, Roberto "Manos de Piedra" Durán, Ricardo Lopez, Gabriel "Flash" Elorde, Vicente Saldivar, Ismael Laguna, Eusebio Pedroza, Carlos Monzón, Azumah Nelson, Rocky Marciano, Pipino Cuevas and Ken Buchanan. The Hall of Fame's induction ceremony is held every June as part of a four-day event.
The fans who come to Canastota for the Induction Weekend are treated to a number of events, including scheduled autograph sessions, boxing exhibitions, a parade featuring past and present inductees, and the induction ceremony itself
Governing Body | Website |
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British Boxing Board of Control (BBBofC) | http://www.bbbofc.com/ |
Nevada State Athletic Commission | http://boxing.nv.gov/ |
European Boxing Union | http://www.boxebu.com/ |
Sanctioning Body | Website |
World Boxing Association (W.B.A.) | http://www.wbaonline.com/ |
World Boxing Council (W.B.C.) | http://www.wbcboxing.com/ |
International Boxing Federation (I.B.F.) | http://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/ |
World Boxing Organization (W.B.O.) | http://www.wbo-int.com/ |
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