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Definição e significado de Cask

Definição

cask (n.)

1.small cask or barrel

2.a cylindrical container that holds liquids

3.the quantity a cask will hold

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Merriam Webster

CaskCask (kȧsk), n. [Sp. casco potsherd, skull, helmet, prob. fr. cascar to break, fr. L. Quassure to break. Cf. Casque, Cass.]
1. Same as Casque. [Obs.]

2. A barrel-shaped vessel made of staves headings, and hoops, usually fitted together so as to hold liquids. It may be larger or smaller than a barrel.

3. The quantity contained in a cask.

4. A casket; a small box for jewels. [Obs.] Shak.

CaskCask, v. t. To put into a cask.

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Definiciones (más)

definição - Wikipedia

Sinónimos

Ver também

cask (v. trans.)

barrel, butt, drum, keg, tun

Locuções

Dicionario analógico

Wikipedia

CASK

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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edit
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (MAGUK family)

PDB rendering based on 1kgd.
Available structures
1kgd, 1kwa, 1rso, 1y74, 1zl8
Identifiers
SymbolsCASK; LIN2
External IDsOMIM300172 MGI1309489 HomoloGene2736 GeneCards: CASK Gene
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez857312361
EnsemblENSG00000147044ENSMUSG00000031012
UniProtO14936Q3TNZ0
RefSeq (mRNA)NM_003688NM_009806
RefSeq (protein)NP_003679NP_033936
Location (UCSC)Chr X:
41.26 - 41.67 Mb
Chr X:
12.68 - 13 Mb
PubMed search[1][2]

Peripheral plasma membrane protein CASK is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CASK gene.[1][2] This gene is also known by several other names: CMG 2 (CAMGUK protein 2), calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase 3 and membrane-associated guanylate kinase 2.

Contents

Genomics

This gene is located on the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp11.4). It is 404,253 bases in length and lies on the Crick (minus) strand. The encoded protein has 926 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 105.123 kDa.

Molecular biology

This protein is a multidomain scaffolding protein with a role in synaptic transmembrane protein anchoring and ion channel trafficking. It interacts with the transcription factor TBR1 and binds to several cell-surface proteins including amyloid precursor protein, neurexins and syndecans.

Unlike many protein kinases, it does not require a divalent cation such as magnesium for catalytic activity

According to one study, CASK forms protein complexes with CINAP and TBR1.[3]


Clinical importance

This gene has been implicated in X linked mental retardation.[4]

Interactions

CASK has been shown to interact with KCNJ4,[5][6] ID1,[7] F11 receptor,[8][9] SDC2,[10][11] Parkin (ligase),[12] LIN7A,[6][13] Nephrin,[14] DLG4,[15] RPH3A,[16] DLG1,[6][15][17] APBA1,[13][18] KCNJ12[5][6] and ATP2B4.[19]

References

  1. ^ Dimitratos SD, Stathakis DG, Nelson CA, Woods DF, Bryant PJ (Nov 1998). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "The location of human CASK at Xp11.4 identifies this gene as a candidate for X-linked optic atrophy"]. Genomics 51 (2): 308–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5404. PMID 9722958. 
  2. ^ "Entrez Gene: CASK Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (MAGUK family)". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8573. 
  3. ^ Wang GS, Hong CJ, Yen TY, Huang HY, Ou Y, Huang TN, Jung WG, Kuo TY, Sheng M, Wang TF, Hsueh YP (April 2004). "Transcriptional modification by a CASK-interacting nucleosome assembly protein". Neuron 42 (1): 113–28. PMID 15066269. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0896627304001394. 
  4. ^ Tarpey PS, Smith R, Pleasance E, Whibley A, Edkins S, Hardy C, O'Meara S, Latimer C, Dicks E, Menzies A, Stephens P, Blow M, Greenman C, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C, Thompson D, Gray K, Andrews J, Barthorpe S, Buck G, Cole J, Dunmore R, Jones D, Maddison M, Mironenko T, Turner R, Turrell K, Varian J, West S, Widaa S, Wray P, Teague J, Butler A, Jenkinson A, Jia M, Richardson D, Shepherd R, Wooster R, Tejada MI, Martinez F, Carvill G, Goliath R, de Brouwer AP, van Bokhoven H, Van Esch H, Chelly J, Raynaud M, Ropers HH, Abidi FE, Srivastava AK, Cox J, Luo Y, Mallya U, Moon J, Parnau J, Mohammed S, Tolmie JL, Shoubridge C, Corbett M, Gardner A, Haan E, Rujirabanjerd S, Shaw M, Vandeleur L, Fullston T, Easton DF, Boyle J, Partington M, Hackett A, Field M, Skinner C, Stevenson RE, Bobrow M, Turner G, Schwartz CE, Gecz J, Raymond FL, Futreal PA, Stratton MR.(2009) A systematic, large-scale resequencing screen of X-chromosome coding exons in mental retardation. Nat. Genet.
  5. ^ a b Leonoudakis, Dmitri; Conti Lisa R, Anderson Scott, Radeke Carolyn M, McGuire Leah M M, Adams Marvin E, Froehner Stanley C, Yates John R, Vandenberg Carol A (May. 2004). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Protein trafficking and anchoring complexes revealed by proteomic analysis of inward rectifier potassium channel (Kir2.x)-associated proteins"]. J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 279 (21): 22331–46. doi:10.1074/jbc.M400285200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 15024025. 
  6. ^ a b c d Leonoudakis, Dmitri; Conti Lisa R, Radeke Carolyn M, McGuire Leah M M, Vandenberg Carol A (Apr. 2004). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "A multiprotein trafficking complex composed of SAP97, CASK, Veli, and Mint1 is associated with inward rectifier Kir2 potassium channels"]. J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 279 (18): 19051–63. doi:10.1074/jbc.M400284200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 14960569. 
  7. ^ Qi, Jie; Su Yongyue, Sun Rongju, Zhang Fang, Luo Xiaofeng, Yang Zongcheng, Luo Xiangdong (Mar. 2005). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "CASK inhibits ECV304 cell growth and interacts with Id1"]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (United States) 328 (2): 517–21. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.014. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 15694377. 
  8. ^ Martinez-Estrada, O M; Villa A, Breviario F, Orsenigo F, Dejana E, Bazzoni G (Mar. 2001). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Association of junctional adhesion molecule with calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK/LIN-2) in human epithelial caco-2 cells"]. J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 276 (12): 9291–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006991200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11120739. 
  9. ^ Ebnet, K; Schulz C U, Meyer Zu Brickwedde M K, Pendl G G, Vestweber D (Sep. 2000). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Junctional adhesion molecule interacts with the PDZ domain-containing proteins AF-6 and ZO-1"]. J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 275 (36): 27979–88. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002363200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10856295. 
  10. ^ Maximov, Anton; Tang Tie Shan, Bezprozvanny Ilya (Feb. 2003). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Association of the type 1 inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate receptor with 4.1N protein in neurons"]. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. (United States) 22 (2): 271–83. ISSN 1044-7431. PMID 12676536. 
  11. ^ Cohen, A R; Woods D F, Marfatia S M, Walther Z, Chishti A H, Anderson J M, Wood D F (Jul. 1998). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Human CASK/LIN-2 binds syndecan-2 and protein 4.1 and localizes to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells"]. J. Cell Biol. (UNITED STATES) 142 (1): 129–38. ISSN 0021-9525. PMID 9660868. 
  12. ^ Fallon, Lara; Moreau France, Croft Benjamin G, Labib Noura, Gu Wen-Jie, Fon Edward A (Jan. 2002). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Parkin and CASK/LIN-2 associate via a PDZ-mediated interaction and are co-localized in lipid rafts and postsynaptic densities in brain"]. J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 277 (1): 486–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109806200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11679592. 
  13. ^ a b Borg, J P; Straight S W, Kaech S M, de Taddéo-Borg M, Kroon D E, Karnak D, Turner R S, Kim S K, Margolis B (Nov. 1998). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Identification of an evolutionarily conserved heterotrimeric protein complex involved in protein targeting"]. J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 273 (48): 31633–6. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9822620. 
  14. ^ Lehtonen, Sanna; Lehtonen Eero, Kudlicka Krystyna, Holthöfer Harry, Farquhar Marilyn G (Sep. 2004). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Nephrin forms a complex with adherens junction proteins and CASK in podocytes and in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing nephrin"]. Am. J. Pathol. (United States) 165 (3): 923–36. ISSN 0002-9440. PMID 15331416. 
  15. ^ a b Chetkovich, Dane M; Bunn Robert C, Kuo Sheng-Han, Kawasaki Yoshimi, Kohwi Minoree, Bredt David S (Aug. 2002). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Postsynaptic targeting of alternative postsynaptic density-95 isoforms by distinct mechanisms"]. J. Neurosci. (United States) 22 (15): 6415–25. doi:20026598. PMID 12151521. 
  16. ^ Zhang, Y; Luan Z, Liu A, Hu G (May. 2001). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "The scaffolding protein CASK mediates the interaction between rabphilin3a and beta-neurexins"]. FEBS Lett. (Netherlands) 497 (2-3): 99–102. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 11377421. 
  17. ^ Nix, S L; Chishti A H, Anderson J M, Walther Z (Dec. 2000). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "hCASK and hDlg associate in epithelia, and their src homology 3 and guanylate kinase domains participate in both intramolecular and intermolecular interactions"]. J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 275 (52): 41192–200. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002078200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10993877. 
  18. ^ Borg, J P; Lõpez-Figueroa M O, de Taddèo-Borg M, Kroon D E, Turner R S, Watson S J, Margolis B (Feb. 1999). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Molecular analysis of the X11-mLin-2/CASK complex in brain"]. J. Neurosci. (UNITED STATES) 19 (4): 1307–16. ISSN 0270-6474. PMID 9952408. 
  19. ^ Schuh, Kai; Uldrijan Stjepan, Gambaryan Stepan, Roethlein Nicola, Neyses Ludwig (Mar. 2003). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Interaction of the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump 4b/CI with the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent membrane-associated kinase CASK"]. J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 278 (11): 9778–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212507200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 12511555. 

Further reading

  • Hata Y, Butz S, Südhof TC (1996). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "CASK: a novel dlg/PSD95 homolog with an N-terminal calmodulin-dependent protein kinase domain identified by interaction with neurexins."]. J. Neurosci. 16 (8): 2488–94. PMID 8786425. 
  • Daniels DL, Cohen AR, Anderson JM, Brünger AT (1998). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Crystal structure of the hCASK PDZ domain reveals the structural basis of class II PDZ domain target recognition."]. Nat. Struct. Biol. 5 (4): 317–25. PMID 9546224. 
  • Cohen AR, Woods DF, Marfatia SM, et al. (1998). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Human CASK/LIN-2 binds syndecan-2 and protein 4.1 and localizes to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells."]. J. Cell Biol. 142 (1): 129–38. PMID 9660868. 
  • Hsueh YP, Yang FC, Kharazia V, et al. (1998). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Direct interaction of CASK/LIN-2 and syndecan heparan sulfate proteoglycan and their overlapping distribution in neuronal synapses."]. J. Cell Biol. 142 (1): 139–51. PMID 9660869. 
  • Butz S, Okamoto M, Südhof TC (1998). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "A tripartite protein complex with the potential to couple synaptic vesicle exocytosis to cell adhesion in brain."]. Cell 94 (6): 773–82. PMID 9753324. 
  • Borg JP, Straight SW, Kaech SM, et al. (1998). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Identification of an evolutionarily conserved heterotrimeric protein complex involved in protein targeting."]. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (48): 31633–6. PMID 9822620. 
  • Borg JP, Lõpez-Figueroa MO, de Taddèo-Borg M, et al. (1999). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Molecular analysis of the X11-mLin-2/CASK complex in brain."]. J. Neurosci. 19 (4): 1307–16. PMID 9952408. 
  • Maximov A, Südhof TC, Bezprozvanny I (1999). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Association of neuronal calcium channels with modular adaptor proteins."]. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (35): 24453–6. PMID 10455105. 
  • Hsueh YP, Sheng M (1999). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Regulated expression and subcellular localization of syndecan heparan sulfate proteoglycans and the syndecan-binding protein CASK/LIN-2 during rat brain development."]. J. Neurosci. 19 (17): 7415–25. PMID 10460248. 
  • Hsueh YP, Wang TF, Yang FC, Sheng M (2000). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Nuclear translocation and transcription regulation by the membrane-associated guanylate kinase CASK/LIN-2."]. Nature 404 (6775): 298–302. doi:10.1038/35005118. PMID 10749215. 
  • Ebnet K, Schulz CU, Meyer Zu Brickwedde MK, et al. (2000). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Junctional adhesion molecule interacts with the PDZ domain-containing proteins AF-6 and ZO-1."]. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (36): 27979–88. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002363200. PMID 10856295. 
  • Nix SL, Chishti AH, Anderson JM, Walther Z (2001). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "hCASK and hDlg associate in epithelia, and their src homology 3 and guanylate kinase domains participate in both intramolecular and intermolecular interactions."]. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (52): 41192–200. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002078200. PMID 10993877. 
  • Stevenson D, Laverty HG, Wenwieser S, et al. (2000). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Mapping and expression analysis of the human CASK gene."]. Mamm. Genome 11 (10): 934–7. PMID 11003712. 
  • Biederer T, Südhof TC (2001). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Mints as adaptors. Direct binding to neurexins and recruitment of munc18."]. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (51): 39803–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000656200. PMID 11036064. 
  • Martinez-Estrada OM, Villa A, Breviario F, et al. (2001). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Association of junctional adhesion molecule with calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK/LIN-2) in human epithelial caco-2 cells."]. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (12): 9291–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006991200. PMID 11120739. 
  • Hsueh YP, Roberts AM, Volta M, et al. (2001). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Bipartite interaction between neurofibromatosis type I protein (neurofibromin) and syndecan transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans."]. J. Neurosci. 21 (11): 3764–70. PMID 11356864. 
  • Zhang Y, Luan Z, Liu A, Hu G (2001). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "The scaffolding protein CASK mediates the interaction between rabphilin3a and beta-neurexins."]. FEBS Lett. 497 (2-3): 99–102. PMID 11377421. 
  • Fallon L, Moreau F, Croft BG, et al. (2002). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Parkin and CASK/LIN-2 associate via a PDZ-mediated interaction and are co-localized in lipid rafts and postsynaptic densities in brain."]. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (1): 486–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109806200. PMID 11679592. 
  • Olsen O, Liu H, Wade JB, et al. (2002). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Basolateral membrane expression of the Kir 2.3 channel is coordinated by PDZ interaction with Lin-7/CASK complex."]. Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 282 (1): C183–95. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00249.2001. PMID 11742811. 

Barrel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Cask)
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Traditional wooden barrels in Cutchogue, USA
Modern stainless steel beer barrels—also called casks or kegs—outside the Castle Rock microbrewery in Nottingham, England

A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container, traditionally made of vertical wooden staves and bound by wooden or metal hoops. Traditionally, the barrel was a standard size of measure referring to a set capacity or weight of a given commodity. For example, a beer barrel was originally a 36 gallon capacity while an ale barrel was a 32 gallon capacity. Wine was shipped in a 31.5 gallon barrels. Barrels are one size of cask. Other cask sizes include, but are not limited to, pins, firkins, kilderkins, puncheons, rundlets, tierces, pipes, butts, and tuns. Someone who makes barrels is a cooper. Modern barrels are also made of aluminium, stainless steel, and plastic.

Contents

History

In Asia/Europe in ancient times liquids like oil and wine were carried in vessels, for instance amphora, sealed with pine resin. The Romans began to use barrels in the 3rd century AD, as a result of their commercial and military contacts with the Gauls, who had been making barrels for several centuries. The Magyars were the first to make and use barrels. Later other cultures picked up on its many uses and began to make them as well.[citation needed]

For nearly 2,000 years barrels were the most convenient form of shipping or storage container for those who could afford the superior price. All kinds of bulk goods, from nails to gold coins, were stored in them. Bags and most crates were cheaper, but they were not as sturdy and they were more difficult to manhandle for the same weight. Barrels slowly lost their importance in the 20th century, with the introduction of pallet-based logistics and containerization.

Starting in the late 19th century, barrels were largely superseded by corrugated fiberboard boxes for storage and transport of dry goods, and in the mid 20th century, steel drums began to be used for the storage and transport of fluids such as water, oils and hazardous waste. Barrels are still used today for artistic presentation of merchandise in many stores, although these barrels are often merely decorative, and not made water-tight.

Usage

Barrels are used for the storage of liquids, from simple water to ferment wine, to age wine (notably brandy, sherry and port) and whiskey.

Schlenkerla Rauchbier straight from a cask

For storage of water

Rainwater tank at Ceres Environment Park.

Water barrels are often used to collect the rainwater from dwellings (so that it may be used for irrigation or other purposes). This usage, known as rainwater harvesting requires (besides a large rainwater barrel), an adequate (water-proof) roof-covering and an adequate rain pipe.

For storage of oil

File:Bluebbl.gif
Standard Oil Company blue 55-US gallon (46 imp. gal, 208 L) barrel

The standard barrel of crude oil or other petroleum product (abbreviated bbl) is 42 US gallons (34.9723 imp gal; 158.9873 L). This measurement originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields, and permitted both British and American merchants to refer to the same unit, based on the old English wine measure, the tierce.

Earlier, another size of whiskey barrel was the most common size; this was the 40 US gallons (33.3 imp gal; 151.4 L) barrel for proof spirits, which was of the same volume as 5 US bushels. However, by 1866 the oil barrel was standardized at 42 US gallons.

Oil has not actually been shipped in barrels [1] since the introduction of oil tankers, but the 42-US-gallon size is still used as a unit for measurement, pricing, and in tax and regulatory codes. Each barrel is refined into about 19.74 US gallons (16.44 imp gal; 74.7 L) of gasoline[2], the rest becoming other products such as jet fuel and heating oil, using fractional distillation.[3]

The current standard volume for barrels for chemicals and food is 55 US gallons (46 imp gal; 208 L).

For aging of beverages

Wine barrels in Napa Valley, California.

Some wine is fermented "in barrel," as opposed to a neutral container such as a steel or concrete tank. Wine can also be fermented in large wooden tanks, often called "open-tops" because they are open to the atmosphere. Other wooden cooperage for storing wine or spirits are called "casks", and they are large (up to thousands of gallons) with either elliptical or round heads.

Other uses

Due to the traditional barrel's distinctive shape and construction method, the term has been used to describe a variety of other related or similar objects, such as the gun barrel (with the term growing out of the fact that early cannon were built from staves of metal hooped together, similar to a barrel)[4] and barrel organ.

The English idiom over a barrel means to be in a predicament or helpless in a situation where others are in control: "I have no choice in the matter — my creditors have me over a barrel." The phrase is said to originate from two 19th century practices: rolling drowning victims over a barrel to clear their lungs of water, or flogging someone who is bent over a barrel.

Some kinds of food, such as pork, were stored in barrels in larders before the era of refrigerators. This practice generated a political term, pork barrel, in which earmarks for particular people or locations were labeled "pork-barrel" spending.

Shape

Barrels often have a convex shape, bulging at the middle. This constant bulge makes it easier to roll a well-built wooden barrel on its side, changing directions with little friction. It also helps to distribute stress evenly in the material by making the container more spherical[citation needed].

Casks used for ale or beer have shives and keystones in their openings. Before serving the beer a spile is hammered into the shive and a tap into the keystone.

The "chine hoop" is the iron hoop nearest the end of a wooden barrel, the "bilge hoops" those nearest the bulge, or centre.

The stopper used to seal the hole in a barrel is called the bung.

Sizes

English traditional, wine

English casks of wine [2]
gallonrundletbarreltiercehogsheadfirkin, puncheon, tertianpipe, butttun
1tun
12pipes, butts
11+123firkins, puncheons, tertians
11+1324hogsheads
11+12236tierces
11+1322+2348barrels
11+342+133+124+23714rundlets
11831+12426384126252gallons (US/wine)
3.7968.14119.24158.99238.48317.97476.96953.92litres
11526+143552+1270105210gallons (imperial)
4.5568.19119.3159.1238.7318.2477.3954.7litres

Pre-1824 definitions continued to be used in the US, the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches being the standard gallon for liquids (the corn gallon of 268.8 cubic inches for solids). In Britain that gallon was replaced by the Imperial gallon.The tierce later became the petrol barrel.The tun was originally 256 gallons, which explains where the quarter, 8 bushels or 64 (wine) gallons, comes from.

Sizes for UK beer

Although it is common to refer to draught beer containers of any size as barrels, in the UK this is strictly correct only if the container holds 36 imperial gallons. The terms "keg" and "cask" refer to containers of any size, the distinction being that kegs are used for beers intended to be served using external gas cylinders. Cask ales undergo part of their fermentation process in their containers, called casks.

Casks are available in several sizes, and it is common to refer to "a firkin" or "a kil" (kilderkin) instead of a cask.

Sizes for US beer and ale

English casks of ale and beer [3]
gallonfirkinkilderkinbarrelhogshead(butt)(tun)Year designated
1tuns
11+34butts
135+14hogsheads
11+124+127+78barrels
123915+34kilderkins
12461831+12firkins
18163248144252ale gallons (ale)(1454)
= 4.62= 36.97= 73.94= 147.88= 221.82= 665.44= 1164.52litres (ale)
19183654162283+12ale gallons (beer)
= 4.62= 41.59= 83.18= 166.36= 249.54= 748.62= 1310.09litres (beer)
18+12173451ale gallons1688
= 4.62= 39.28= 78.56= 157.12= 235.68litres
19183654ale gallons1803
= 4.62= 41.59= 83.18= 166.36= 249.54litres
19183654imperial gallons1824
= 4.55= 40.91= 81.83= 163.66= 245.49litres

The modern US beer barrel is 31 US gallons (116.34777 litres), half a gallon less than the traditional wine barrel. (26 U.S.C. §5051[4])

See also

References

  1. ^ Slate
  2. ^ [1]
  3. ^ What's In A Barrel of Oil?
  4. ^ A History of Warfare - Keegan, John, Vintage 1993

External links

 

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