Definição e significado de Charter-party

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)

The Charter Party of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, is a minor political party. The party is Cincinnati's third party. Members of this party are called "Charterites."

  History

The Charter Party claims to be the "oldest active independent political party." It was founded in 1924, during a time when Cincinnati government was under the control of the Republican Party. Cincinnati was infamous for being the most corruptly governed major city in the United States, the era of Boss Cox (established by George Cox in the 1880s), controlled then by his protégé Rudolph Hynicka, who spent most of his time in New York, where he operated brothels.

Republican reformers, led by members of the Republican Executive and Advisory Committee, then began the Cincinnatus Association. In 1923, Republican lawyer Murray Seasongood became the leader of the reformers' successful anti-tax campaign.

The Cincinnatus Association then led to the formation of the Birdless Ballot League, which advocated nonpartisan elections. (The term "birdless" referred to the use of the Republican eagle and Democratic rooster as party symbols on the ballot). In 1924, the Birdless Ballot League joined with other reformers to create the City Charter Committee.

The pre-1925 charter established a 32-member city council, six of whom were elected at-large. Only candidates nominated in a city-wide primary by the Republican and Democratic parties were eligible to run. In 1924, there were 31 Republicans and one Democrat on the council. Between 1913 and 1925, only five Democrats had managed to get elected to the council. The real power behind government was held by Hynicka's Republican Central Committee, comprising Republican ward and township captains, which held the real power in the Republican party, to the disadvantage of the Executive and Advisory Committee.

The new municipal charter enacted in 1925 as part of the Charterite movement established a Council-Manager form of government (abolishing the mayor-council system) and a civil service bureaucracy to replace political patronage. The new charter, which created a nine-member council, also mandated nonpartisan municipal elections and proportional representation with preference-ranked voting.

With Democrats running on the Charter ticket, the first election following adoption of the council resulted in the election of six Charterites to the council. Democrat Ed Dixon, who had won more votes than Seasongood, and, therefore, should automatically have become mayor under the new charter, was persuaded to allow the leader of the reform movement become the first mayor under the new charter.

Although the Charter movement started with Republican reformers like Seasongood, the movement quickly became informally allied with the Democratic party against the Republican machine. Democratic candidates ran as Charterites. By the 1950s, Republicans fought the Charterites by plastering them with the label of socialism. In 1957, the Republicans successfully overturned proportional representation. It is believed that this was done to prevent the election of Theodore M. Berry as the city's first black mayor.^{[citation needed]}

In 1959, Democrats broke off from the Charterite coalition. Splitting the progressive vote with the Democrats throughout the 1960s, the Charterites barely survived the return of Republican rule, with Charles Phelps Taft II its only elected official by 1961. In 1963, Berry joined Taft on the council.

In 1969, the Charterites joined with the Democrats in a formal coalition that successfully took control of city government in 1971. The coalition was led at times both by Charterites (Bobbie L. Sterne and Charles Phelps Taft II) and by Democrats (Tom Luken and Jerry Springer). From 1973, the two parties divided the two-year mayoral term into two one-year periods that alternated between them.

Tom Luken's son, Charlie Luken ended the Democratic-Charterite coalition in 1985 when Arn Bortz was the only Charterite left on the council. In 1983 Marian Spencer was the first African American female elected to Cincinnati City Council and served as Vice Mayor and as a member of the Charter Party for one term. Sterne, who lost her seat in 1985, made a comeback in 1987. Bortz left politics in 1988 to concentrate on business, but anointed as his successor the popular professional football player Reggie Williams. Williams stayed for only two years. When Charterite Tyrone Yates became a Democrat in preparation for running for the state legislature, Sterne found herself again the sole Charterite on the council. Term limits prevented Sterne from running again in 1999, so she resigned her seat in 1998 in favor of restaurateur Jim Tarbell.

Over the years, Charterites pursued a number of liberal and progressive causes, including reducing pollution and establishing cost-of-living wage increases for municipal employees. The Charterites instituted the now-common requirement of maintaining a public inventory of municipal property. Another Charterite initiative that has spread throughout the country requires private employers to inform employees of the risks of handling hazardous materials, known as a right-to-know law.

The Charter Party reached its height of power in the 1950s, when it ran city government with Democrats running on the Charter ticket. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Charter Party formed a coalition municipal government with the Democrats. The coalition lasted until 1986. In recent years, the Charter Party has sought to expand beyond the Cincinnati city limits, endorsing candidates in neighboring jurisdictions, such as Covington, Kentucky.

The Charter Party includes Democrats as well as Republicans and independents. The Charter Party advocates an activist government to address public problems and its main power base has been among the progressive-minded, educated, affluent senior citizens of Cincinnati. The party is currently making efforts to appeal to younger voters. The party has also turned its sights on establishing regional government.

The last Charterite mayor of Cincinnati was Arn Bortz. The party was nearly extinguished in the 1990s. From 1993 to 2003, the city council had only one Charterite member. Currently, there are two Charterite members of the city council, Chris Bortz and Roxanne Qualls, after Jim Tarbell, who served as vice-mayor under Democratic Mayor Mark Mallory, resigned in September 2007.

  Platform

Party organizers prefer the term "Charter Committee" rather than "Charter Party." As of January 1, 2003, the current president of the Charter Committee is Michael Goldman. The previous president was Gerald Newfarmer. The party disavows any interest in competing for office beyond the local area. It accepts both Democratic and Republican members on its volunteer board of directors.

The current party platform includes opposing the elimination of the municipal Planning Department and the Office of Environmental Management. The party, long allied with liberal Democratic interests, finds itself opposing the current wave of business-allied "new" Democrats, such as former Mayor Charlie Luken.

Recent policy statements by Goldman, quoted by the Cincinnati Enquirer in a Jan. 6, 2003, article by Gregory Korte:

"Charlie Luken thinks we're going to have a more 'developer friendly' city. Is that going to be at the expense of the residents? The city needs to be friendly to everyone."

"If you look at progressive cities that are successful, you don't see them turning back the clock on environmental issues."

"Nobody wants to talk about this, but let's look at the cities around us: Indianapolis. Columbus. Even Louisville. They all have some form of metropolitan government. All those cities have moved in that direction, and they're seen as successes."

  Prominent historical Charterites

• Charles Phelps Taft II
• Arn Bortz
• Bobbie L. Sterne
• Reggie Williams, former Cincinnati Bengals linebacker
• Leonard Sive
• John Rauh
• Thomas B. Brush
• Robert W. Hilton Jr.
• Marian Spencer

  Prominent ex-Charterites

Many former Charterites switched to one of the major parties in order to pursue statewide ambitions. They include:

• John J. Gilligan, who was elected Governor of Ohio as a Democrat in 1970s.
• J. Kenneth Blackwell, the former Republican Ohio Secretary of State and unsuccessful Republican candidate for Governor of Ohio against Democrat Ted Strickland in 2006
• Tyrone K. Yates, a Democratic member of the state legislature, was a Charterite member of the city council until 1993.

  Current Charterites

• James Tarbell
• Christopher Smitherman
• John Schlagetter
• Nicholas Spencer
• Marjorie Rauh
• Courtis Fuller, a lifelong Democrat who ran as a Charterite against incumbent Democrat Charlie Luken
• Chris Bortz

State and local political parties in the United States State parties Alaska Alaskan Independence Republican Moderate Party of Alaska Connecticut Connecticut for Lieberman Delaware Blue Enigma Party Independent Party of Delaware Florida Florida Whig Party Hawaii Aloha Aina Party Illinois Moderate Party Maryland Populist Party of Maryland Minnesota Ecology Democracy Party Grassroots Party New Jersey New Jersey Conservative Party New York Conservative Liberal Marijuana Reform Right to Life Rent Is Too Damn High Party Taxpayers Party of New York Oregon Constitution Party of Oregon Independent Party of Oregon Oregon Progressive Party Oregon Working Families Party Rhode Island Moderate Party South Carolina United Citizens Vermont Liberty Union Vermont Progressive Vermont Working Families Party Local parties Charter Party (Cincinnati, Ohio) Progressive Dane (Dane County, Madison, Wisconsin) Tax Revolt Party (Nassau County, New York) Territorial parties U.S. Virgin Islands Independent Citizens Movement