definição e significado de Glycine | sensagent.com


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alemão búlgaro chinês croata dinamarquês eslovaco esloveno espanhol estoniano farsi finlandês francês grego hebraico hindi holandês húngaro indonésio inglês islandês italiano japonês korean letão língua árabe lituano malgaxe norueguês polonês português romeno russo sérvio sueco tailandês tcheco turco vietnamês

Definição e significado de Glycine

Definição

Glycine (n.)

1.genus of Asiatic erect or sprawling herbs: soya bean

glycine (n.)

1.the simplest amino acid found in proteins and the principal amino acid in sugar cane

2.(MeSH)A pyridoxal phosphate enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of glycine and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate to form serine. It also catalyzes the reaction of glycine with acetaldehyde to form L-threonine. EC 2.1.2.1.

Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase (n.)

1.(MeSH)A pyridoxal phosphate enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of glycine and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate to form serine. It also catalyzes the reaction of glycine with acetaldehyde to form L-threonine. EC 2.1.2.1.

Glycine (n.)

1.(MeSH)A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

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Sinónimos

Glycine (n.)

genus Glycine

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Locuções

Disorders of glycine metabolism • Glycine Agents • Glycine Aminotransferase • Glycine Betaine • Glycine Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase • Glycine Carbonate (1:1), Monosodium Salt • Glycine Carbonate (2:1), Monolithium Salt • Glycine Carbonate (2:1), Monopotassium Salt • Glycine Carbonate (2:1), Monosodium Salt • Glycine Cleavage System Complex • Glycine Cleavage System P-Protein • Glycine Decarboxylase • Glycine Decarboxylase Complex • Glycine Decarboxylase Complex H-Protein • Glycine Decarboxylase Complex L-Protein • Glycine Decarboxylase Complex P-Protein • Glycine Decarboxylase Complex T-Protein • Glycine Dehydrogenase • Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating) • Glycine Hydrochloride • Glycine Hydrochloride (2:1) • Glycine Methyltransferase • Glycine N-Methyltransferase • Glycine Phosphate • Glycine Phosphate (1:1) • Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins • Glycine Plasma Membrane Transporter Proteins • Glycine Receptor • Glycine Receptors • Glycine Sarcosine Methyltransferase • Glycine Sarcosine N-Methyltransferase • Glycine Sulfate (3:1) • Glycine Synthase • Glycine Theophyllinate • Glycine Transaminase • Glycine Transporter • Glycine Transporter 1 • Glycine Transporter 2 • Glycine max • Glycine, Calcium Salt • Glycine, Calcium Salt (2:1) • Glycine, Cobalt Salt • Glycine, Copper Salt • Glycine, Monoammonium Salt • Glycine, Monopotasssium Salt • Glycine, Monosodium Salt • Glycine, Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate • Glycine-2-Oxoglutarate Aminotransferase • Glycine-Specific tRNA • Glycine-tRNA Ligase • Glycyl-Glycine • H-Protein, Glycine Cleavage System • H-Protein, Glycine Decarboxylase Complex • L-Protein, Glycine Decarboxylase Complex • N-substituted Glycine • P-protein, Glycine Decarboxylase • Receptors, Glycine • T-Protein, Glycine Cleavage System • Vesicular GABA-Glycine Transport Proteins • Vesicular GABA-Glycine Transporter Proteins • genus Glycine

Glycine (data page) • Glycine (genus) • Glycine (plant) • Glycine Bleumer • Glycine C-acetyltransferase • Glycine N-acyltransferase • Glycine N-benzoyltransferase • Glycine N-methyltransferase • Glycine cleavage system • Glycine decarboxylase complex • Glycine dehydrogenase • Glycine dehydrogenase (cyanide-forming) • Glycine dehydrogenase (cytochrome) • Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) • Glycine formimidoyltransferase • Glycine hydroxymethyltransferase • Glycine receptor • Glycine receptor, alpha 1 • Glycine reductase • Glycine riboswitch • Glycine soja • Glycine tabacina • Glycine transaminase • Glycine transporter 1 • Glycine transporter 2 • Glycine watch • Glycine-oxaloacetate transaminase • Glycine-tRNA ligase • Phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase • Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine

Dicionario analógico

Wikipedia

Glycine

                   
Glycine[1]
Identifiers
Abbreviations Gly, G
CAS number 56-40-6 YesY
PubChem 750
ChemSpider 730 YesY
UNII TE7660XO1C YesY
EC-number 200-272-2
DrugBank DB00145
KEGG D00011 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:15428 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL773 YesY
IUPHAR ligand 727
ATC code B05CX03
Jmol-3D images Image 1
Properties
Molecular formula C2H5NO2
Molar mass 75.07 g mol−1
Appearance white solid
Density 1.607 g/cm3
Melting point

233 °C (decomposition)

Solubility in water 24.99 g/100 mL (25 °C)[2]
Solubility soluble in ethanol, pyridine
insoluble in ether
Acidity (pKa) 2.34 (carboxyl), 9.6 (amino)[3]
Hazards
MSDS External MSDS
LD50 2600 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
Supplementary data page
Structure and
properties
n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic
data
Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MS
 YesY (verify) (what is: YesY/N?)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G)[4] is an organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH. Having a hydrogen substituent as its side-chain, glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG cf. the genetic code.

Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. It is unique among the proteinogenic amino acids in that it is not chiral. It can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its two hydrogen atom side chain.

Contents

  Production and key properties

Glycine was discovered in 1820, by Henri Braconnot who boiled gelatin with sulfuric acid.[5]

Glycine is manufactured industrially by treating chloroacetic acid with ammonia:[6]

ClCH2COOH + 2 NH3 → H2NCH2COOH + NH4Cl

About 15 million kg are produced annually in this way.[7]

In the USA (by GEO Specialty Chemicals, Inc.) and in Japan (by Shoadenko), glycine is produced via the Strecker amino acid synthesis.[8]

There are two producers of glycine in the United States: Chattem Chemicals, Inc., a subsidiary of Mumbai-based Sun Pharmaceutical, and GEO Specialty Chemicals, Inc., which purchased the glycine and naphthalene sulfonate production facilities of Hampshire Chemical Corp, a subsidiary of Dow Chemical.[8][9]

Chattem's manufacturing process ("MCA" process) occurs in batches and results in a finished product with some residual chloride but no sulfate, while GEO’s manufacturing process is considered a semi-batch process and results in a finished product with some residual sulfate but no chloride.

Its pKA values are 2.35 and 9.78, so above pH 9.78, most of the glycine exists as the anionic amine, H2NCH2CO2-. Below pH 2.35, its solutions contain mostly the cationic carboxylic acid H3N+CH2CO2H. Its isoelectric point (pI) is 6.06.

Glycine exists in zwitterionic form in solution. In this form, the partial charges on different atoms as determined using Gasteiger charge method are given as follows: N (+0.2358), H (attached to N) (+0.1964), alpha-C (+0.001853), H (attached to alpha-C) (+0.08799), carbonyl C (+0.085) and carbonyl O (-0.5445).

  Biosynthesis

Glycine is not essential to the human diet, as it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate. In most organisms, the enzyme Serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyses this transformation via the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate:[10]

serine + tetrahydrofolate → glycine + N5,N10-Methylene tetrahydrofolate + H2O

In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme). This conversion is readily reversible:[10]

CO2 + NH4+ + N5,N10-Methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+ → Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+

Glycine is coded by codons GGU, GGC, GGA and GGG. Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of glycine. A notable exception is collagen, which contains about 35% glycine.[10][11]

  Degradation

Glycine is degraded via three pathways. The predominant pathway in animals and plants involves the glycine cleavage enzyme[10]

Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+ → CO2 + NH4+ + N5,N10-Methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+

In the second pathway, glycine is degraded in two steps. The first step is the reverse of glycine biosynthesis from serine with serine hydroxymethyl transferase. Serine is then converted to pyruvate by serine dehydratase.[10]

In the third pathway of glycine degradation, glycine is converted to glyoxylate by D-amino acid oxidase. Glyoxylate is then oxidized by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase to oxalate in an NAD+-dependent reaction.[10]

The half-life of glycine and its elimination from the body varies significantly based on dose. In one study, the half-life was between 0.5 and 4.0 hours. [12]

  Physiological function

The principal function of glycine is as a precursor to proteins. It is also a building block to numerous natural products.

  As a biosynthetic intermediate

In higher eukaryotes, D-Aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins, is biosynthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA. Glycine provides the central C2N subunit of all purines.[10]

  As a neurotransmitter

Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina. When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). Strychnine is a strong antagonist at ionotropic glycine receptors, whereas bicuculline is a weak one. Glycine is a required co-agonist along with glutamate for NMDA receptors. In contrast to the inhibitory role of glycine in the spinal cord, this behaviour is facilitated at the (NMDA) glutaminergic receptors which are excitatory.[13] The LD50 of glycine is 7930 mg/kg in rats (oral),[14] and it usually causes death by hyperexcitability.

There is some evidence showing that 3000 milligrams of glycine before bedtime improves sleep quality.[15]

  Commercial uses

In the US, glycine is typically sold in two grades: United States Pharmacopeia (“USP”), and technical grade. Most glycine is manufactured as USP grade material for diverse uses. USP grade sales account for approximately 80 to 85 percent of the U.S. market for glycine.

  • Pharmaceutical grade glycine is produced for some pharmaceutical applications, such as intravenous injections, where the customer’s purity requirements often exceed the minimum required under the USP grade designation. Pharmaceutical grade glycine is often produced to proprietary specifications and is typically sold at a premium over USP grade glycine.
  • Technical grade glycine, which may or may not meet USP grade standards, is sold for use in industrial applications; e.g., as an agent in metal complexing and finishing. Technical grade glycine is typically sold at a discount to USP grade glycine.[16]

  Animal and human foods

Other markets for USP grade glycine include its use an additive in pet food and animal feed. For humans, glycine is sold as a sweetener/taste enhancer. Food supplements and protein drinks contain glycine. Certain drug formulations include glycine to improve gastric absorption of the drug.

  Cosmetics and miscellaneous applications

Glycine serves as a buffering agent in antacids, analgesics, antiperspirants, cosmetics, and toiletries.

Many miscellaneous products use glycine or its derivatives, such as the production of rubber sponge products, fertilizers, metal complexants.[17]

  Zwitterionic salt (right) of glycine at neutral pH

  Chemical feedstock

Glycine is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of chemical products. It is used in the manufacture of the herbicide glyphosate. Glyphosate is a non-selective systemic herbicide used to kill weeds, especially perennials and broadcast or used in the cut-stump treatment as a forestry herbicide. Initially, glyphosate was sold only by Monsanto under the tradename Roundup, but is no longer under patent.

  Presence in space

The detection of glycine in the interstellar medium has been debated.[18] In 2008, the glycine-like molecule aminoacetonitrile was discovered in the Large Molecule Heimat, a giant gas cloud near the galactic center in the constellation Sagittarius by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy.[19] In 2009, glycine sampled in 2004 from comet Wild 2 by the NASA spacecraft Stardust was confirmed, the first discovery of extraterrestrial glycine. That mission's results bolstered the theory of panspermia, which claims that the "seeds" of life are widespread throughout the universe.[20]

  See also

  References

  1. ^ The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (11th ed.), Merck, 1989, ISBN 091191028X , 4386.
  2. ^ http://prowl.rockefeller.edu/aainfo/solub.htm
  3. ^ Dawson, R.M.C., et al., Data for Biochemical Research, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1959.
  4. ^ "Nomenclature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides (IUPAC-IUB Recommendations 1983)", Pure Appl. Chem. 56 (5): 595–624, 1984, DOI:10.1351/pac198456050595 .
  5. ^ R.H.A. Plimmer (1912) [1908]. R.H.A. Plimmer & F.G. Hopkins. ed. The chemical composition of the proteins. Monographs on biochemistry. Part I. Analysis (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co.. p. 82. http://books.google.com/?id=7JM8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA112. Retrieved January 18, 2010. 
  6. ^ Ingersoll, A. W.; Babcock, S. H. (1932), "Hippuric acid", Org. Synth. 12: 40, http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/orgsyn/prepContent.asp?prep=cv2p0328 ; Coll. Vol. 2: 328 .
  7. ^ Karlheinz Drauz, Ian Grayson, Axel Kleemann, Hans-Peter Krimmer, Wolfgang Leuchtenberger, Christoph Weckbecker “Amino Acids” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_057.pub2
  8. ^ a b http://www.usitc.gov/trade_remedy/731_ad_701_cvd/investigations/2007/glycine_from_india_japan_korea/preliminary/DOC/Glycine%20Conference%20(prelim).wpd
  9. ^ U.S. International Trade Commission, "Glycine From China." Investigation No. 731-TA-718 (Second Review), Publication No. 3810, October 2005
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2005), Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman, pp. 127, 675–77, 844, 854, ISBN 0-7167-4339-6 .
  11. ^ Szpak, Paul (2011). "Fish bone chemistry and ultrastructure: implications for taphonomy and stable isotope analysis". Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (12): 3358–3372. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2011.07.022. http://uwo.academia.edu/PaulSzpak/Papers/827788/Fish_Bone_Chemistry_and_Ultrastructure_Implications_for_Taphonomy_and_Stable_Isotope_Analysis. 
  12. ^ Hahn RG (1993). "Dose-dependent half-life of glycine". Urological Research 21 (4): 289–291. DOI:10.1007/BF00307714. PMID 8212419. 
  13. ^ "Recent development in NMDA receptors". Chinese Medical Journal. 2000. http://www.cmj.org/Periodical/paperlist.asp?id=LW7347&linkintype=pubmed. 
  14. ^ "Safety (MSDS) data for glycine". The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University. 2005. http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/GL/glycine.html. Retrieved 2006-11-01. 
  15. ^ Yamadera W, Inagawa K, Chiba S, Bannai M, Takahashi M, Nakayama K (2007). "Glycine ingestion improves subjective sleep quality in human volunteers, correlating with polysomnographic changes". Sleep and Biological rhythms 5 (2): 126–131. DOI:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2007.00262.x. 
  16. ^ http://www.usitc.gov/publications/701_731/pub3980.pdf
  17. ^ "Notice of Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Glycine From India" Federal Register 72 (7 November 2007): 62827.
  18. ^ Snyder LE, Lovas FJ, Hollis JM, et al. (2005). "A rigorous attempt to verify interstellar glycine". Astrophys J 619 (2): 914–930. arXiv:astro-ph/0410335. Bibcode 2005ApJ...619..914S. DOI:10.1086/426677. 
  19. ^ Staff. "Organic Molecule, Amino Acid-Like, Found In Constellation Sagittarius 27 March 2008 - Science Daily". http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080326161658.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-16. 
  20. ^ Reuters (18 August 2009). "Building block of life found on comet - Thomson Reuters 2009". http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE57H02I20090818. Retrieved 2009-08-18. 

  Further reading

On attempts to detect glycine in interstellar medium

  External links

   
               

 

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