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lobster (n.)
1.lobster of Atlantic coast of Europe
2.any of several edible marine crustaceans of the families Homaridae and Nephropsidae and Palinuridae
3.flesh of a lobster
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Merriam Webster
LobsterLob"ster (?), n. [AS. loppestre, lopystre prob., corrupted fr. L. locusta a marine shellfish, a kind of lobster, a locust. Cf. Locust.] (Zoöl.)
1. Any large macrurous crustacean used as food, esp. those of the genus Homarus; as the American lobster (Homarus Americanus), and the European lobster (Homarus vulgaris). The Norwegian lobster (Nephrops Norvegicus) is similar in form. All these have a pair of large unequal claws. The spiny lobsters of more southern waters, belonging to Palinurus, Panulirus, and allied genera, have no large claws. The fresh-water crayfishes are sometimes called lobsters.
2. As a term of opprobrium or contempt: A gullible, awkward, bungling, or undesirable person. [Slang]
Lobster caterpillar (Zoöl.), the caterpillar of a European bombycid moth (Stauropus fagi); -- so called from its form. Lobster louse (Zoöl.), a copepod crustacean (Nicothoë astaci) parasitic on the gills of the European lobster.
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⇨ definição - Wikipedia
lobster (n.)
⇨ American lobster • Cape lobster • European lobster • Lobster-claw hand • Maine lobster • Northern lobster • Norway lobster • Norwegian lobster • american lobster • lobster Newburg • lobster a la Newburg • lobster butter • lobster plant • lobster pot • lobster stew • lobster tail • lobster tart • lobster thermidor • lobster-backed • norway lobster • rock lobster • spiny lobster • true lobster
⇨ 'Tis the Voice of the Lobster • American lobster • Atomic Lobster • Big Lobster • Bight lobster • Blue Lobster • Blue lobster • Brooklyn Lobster • Bubba the lobster • California spiny lobster • Cape lobster • Consider the Lobster • Ed Lobster • European lobster • Furry lobster • George (lobster) • Hairy lobster • Japanese spiny lobster • Killing My Lobster • Land lobster • Larry the Lobster (Saturday Night Live) • Lobster (disambiguation) • Lobster (magazine) • Lobster Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador • Lobster Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador • Lobster Johnson • Lobster Liberation Front • Lobster Man From Mars • Lobster Moth • Lobster Newberg • Lobster Random • Lobster Records • Lobster Telephone • Lobster Thermidor • Lobster Wars • Lobster bisque • Lobster buoy hitch • Lobster clasp • Lobster fishing • Lobster hook • Lobster paste • Lobster pick • Lobster roll • Lobster tail pot • Lobster tailed pot • Lobster trap • Lobster trap (disambiguation) • Lobster trap (finance) • Lobster à la Riseholme • Lobster-claws • Lobster-tailed pot • Norway lobster • Operation Lobster • Operation Lobster I • Red Lobster • Reef lobster • Ride the Lobster • Rock Lobster • Slipper lobster • Spiny lobster • Squat lobster • The Cape Breton Lobster Bash Series • The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children • Tristan rock lobster
lobster (n.)
Sous-Ordre des Astacoures (Macroures) (fr)[ClasseTaxo.]
true lobster[Hyper.]
genus Homarus, Homarus[membre]
lobster (n.)
Sous-Ordre des Astacoures (Macroures) (fr)[ClasseTaxo.]
shellfish; crustacean[ClasseParExt.]
homard (fr)[Thème]
decapod, decapod crustacean[Hyper.]
Reptantia, suborder Reptantia[membre]
lobster (n.)
shellfish[Hyper.]
true lobster[Desc]
Wikipedia
Lobster Temporal range: Valanginian–Recent |
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American lobster, Homarus americanus | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Subphylum: | Crustacea |
Class: | Malacostraca |
Order: | Decapoda |
Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
Infraorder: | Astacidea |
Family: | Nephropidae Dana, 1852 |
Genera [1] | |
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Clawed lobsters comprise a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. Highly prized as seafood, lobsters are economically important, and are often one of the most profitable commodities in coastal areas they populate.[2]
Though several groups of crustaceans are known as lobsters, the clawed lobsters are most often associated with the name. Clawed lobsters are not closely related to spiny lobsters or slipper lobsters, which have no claws (chelae), or squat lobsters. The closest relatives of clawed lobsters are the reef lobsters and the three families of freshwater crayfish.
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The fossil record of clawed lobsters extends back at least to the Valanginian Age of the Cretaceous.[3]
Lobsters are invertebrates with a hard protective exoskeleton. Like most arthropods, lobsters must molt in order to grow, which leaves them vulnerable. During the molting process, several species change color. Lobsters have 10 walking legs; the front three pairs bear claws, the first of which are larger than the others.[4] Although, like most other arthropods, lobsters are largely bilaterally symmetrical, they often possess unequal, specialized claws, like the king crab.
Lobster anatomy includes the cephalothorax which fuses the head and the thorax, both of which are covered by a chitinous carapace, and the abdomen. The lobster's head bears antennae, antennules, mandibles, the first and second maxillae, and the first, second, and third maxillipeds. Because lobsters live in a murky environment at the bottom of the ocean, they mostly use their antennae as sensors. The lobster eye has a reflective structure above a convex retina. In contrast, most complex eyes use refractive ray concentrators (lenses) and a concave retina.[5] The abdomen includes swimmerets and its tail is composed of uropods and the telson.
Lobsters, like snails and spiders, have blue blood due to the presence of haemocyanin which contains copper[6] (in contrast, vertebrates and many other animals have red blood from iron-rich haemoglobin). Lobsters possess a green hepatopancreas, called the tomalley by chefs, which functions as the animal's liver and pancreas.[7]
In general, lobsters are 25–50 centimetres (10–20 in) long, and move by slowly walking on the sea floor. However, when they flee, they swim backwards quickly by curling and uncurling their abdomen. A speed of 5 metres per second (11 mph) has been recorded.[8] This is known as the caridoid escape reaction.
Recent research suggests that lobsters may not slow down, weaken, or lose fertility with age. In fact, older lobsters are more fertile than younger lobsters. This longevity may be due to telomerase, an enzyme that repairs DNA sequences of the form "TTAGGG."[9] This sequence, repeated hundreds of times, occurs at the ends of chromosomes, which are referred to as the telomeres.[10][11] It has been argued that lobsters may exhibit negligible senescence and some scientists have claimed that they could effectively live indefinitely, barring injury, disease, capture, etc.[12] Their longevity allows them to reach impressive sizes. According to the Guinness World Records, the largest lobster was caught in Nova Scotia, Canada, and weighed 20.15 kilograms (44.4 lb).[13][14]
Animals of the genus Symbion, the only member of the animal phylum Cycliophora, live exclusively on lobster gills and mouthparts.[15]
Lobsters are found in all oceans. They live on rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms from the shoreline to beyond the edge of the continental shelf. They generally live singly in crevices or in burrows under rocks.
Lobsters are omnivores and typically eat live prey such as fish, mollusks, other crustaceans, worms, and some plant life. They scavenge if necessary, and may resort to cannibalism in captivity; however, this has not been observed in the wild. Although lobster skin has been found in lobster stomachs, this is because lobsters eat their shed skin after molting.[16]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
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Energy | 410 kJ (98 kcal) |
Carbohydrates | 0 g |
- Sugars | 0 g |
- Dietary fibre | 0 g |
Fat | 0.59 g |
- saturated | 0.107 g |
- monounsaturated | 0.091 g |
- polyunsaturated | 0.16 g |
Protein | 20.5 g |
Thiamine (vit. B1) | 0 mg (0%) |
Riboflavin (vit. B2) | 4 mg (333%) |
Niacin (vit. B3) | 4 mg (27%) |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 2 mg (40%) |
Vitamin B6 | 4 mg (308%) |
Folate (vit. B9) | 2 μg (1%) |
Vitamin C | 0 mg (0%) |
Calcium | 6 mg (1%) |
Iron | 2 mg (15%) |
Magnesium | 8 mg (2%) |
Phosphorus | 15 mg (2%) |
Potassium | 0 mg (0%) |
Zinc | 15 mg (158%) |
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
Lobster recipes include Lobster Newberg and Lobster Thermidor. Lobster is used in soup, bisque, lobster rolls, and cappon magro. Lobster meat may be dipped in clarified butter, resulting in a sweetened flavour.
Cooks boil or steam live lobsters. The lobster cooks for seven minutes for the first pound and three minutes for each additional pound.[17]
According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the mean level of mercury in American lobster is 0.31 ppm.[18]
In North America, the American lobster did not achieve popularity until the mid-19th century, when New Yorkers and Bostonians developed a taste for it, and commercial lobster fisheries only flourished after the development of the lobster smack,[19] a custom-made boat with open holding wells on the deck to keep the lobsters alive during transport.[20] Prior to this time, lobster was considered a mark of poverty or as a food for indentured servants or lower members of society in Maine, Massachusetts and the Canadian Maritimes, and servants specified in employment agreements that they would not eat lobster more than twice per week.[21] American lobster was initially deemed worthy only of being used as fertilizer or fish bait, and it was not until well into the twentieth century that it was viewed as more than a low-priced canned staple food.[22]
Caught lobsters are graded as new-shell, hard-shell and old-shell and, because lobsters that have recently shed their shells are the most delicate, there is an inverse relationship between the price of American lobster and its flavor. New-shell lobsters have paper-thin shells and a worse meat-to-shell ratio, but what meat exists is very sweet. However, the lobsters are so delicate that even transport to Boston almost kills them, making the market for new-shell lobsters strictly local to the fishing towns where they are offloaded. Hard-shell lobsters with firm shells but with less sweet meat can survive shipping to Boston, New York and even Los Angeles so they command a higher price than new-shell lobsters. Meanwhile, old-shell lobsters, which have not shed since the previous season and have a coarser flavor, can be air-shipped anywhere in the world and arrive alive, making them the most expensive. One seafood guide notes that an eight dollar lobster dinner at a restaurant overlooking fishing piers in Maine is consistently delicious, while "the eighty-dollar lobster in a three-star Paris restaurant is apt to be as much about presentation as flavor".[22]
The most common way of killing a lobster is by placing it live in boiling water (with or without spending a period of time in a freezer) or by splitting it by severing the body in half lengthwise. Lobsters may also be killed or rendered insensate immediately before boiling through a stab into the brain, in the belief that this will stop suffering. However, a lobster's brain operates from not one but several ganglia and disabling only the frontal ganglion does not usually result in death or unconsciousness.[11] The boiling method is illegal in some places, such as in Reggio Emilia, Italy, where offenders face fines of up to €495.[23]
Lobsters are caught using baited, one-way traps with a color-coded marker buoy to mark cages. Lobster is fished in water between 1 and 500 fathoms (2 and 900 m), although some lobsters live at 2,000 fathoms (3,700 m). Cages are of plastic-coated galvanized steel or wood. A lobster fisher may tend as many as 2,000 traps. Around the year 2000, due to overfishing and high demand, lobster aquaculture expanded.[24] As of 2008, no lobster aquaculture operation had achieved commercial success, due mainly to the fact that lobsters eat each other (cannibalism) and the slow growth of the species; these two problems make it difficult to make lobster aquaculture profitable.[25] The New England Aquarium nonetheless maintains a year-round production facility of American lobster, and further research is being conducted.[26]
This list contains all extant species in the family Nephropidae:[27]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nephropidae |
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