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Definição e significado de Ocimum_tenuiflorum
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Ocimum tenuiflorum
| Tulsi | |
|---|---|
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | Ocimum |
| Species: | O. tenuiflorum |
| Binomial name | |
| Ocimum tenuiflorum L. |
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| Synonyms | |
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Ocimum sanctum |
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Ocimum tenuiflorum, Holy Basil (also tulsi, tulasī), is an aromatic plant in the family Lamiaceae which is native throughout the Old World tropics and widespread as a cultivated plant and an escaped weed.[1] It is an erect, much branched subshrub, 30–60 cm tall with hairy stems and simple, opposite, green leaves that are strongly scented. Leaves have petioles, and are ovate, up to 5 cm long, usually slightly toothed. The flowers are purplish in elongate racemes in close whorls.[2] The two main morphotypes cultivated in India and Nepal are green-leaved (Sri or Lakshmi tulsi) and purple-leaved (Krishna tulsi).[3]
Tulsi is cultivated for religious and medicinal purposes, and for its essential oil. It is widely known across South Asia as a medicinal plant and an herbal tea, commonly used in Ayurveda, and has an important role within the Vaishnavite tradition of Hinduism, in which devotees perform worship involving tulsi plants or leaves.
The variety of Ocimum tenuiflorum used in Thai cuisine is referred to as Thai holy basil, or kraphao (กะเพรา);[1] it is not be confused with Thai basil, which is a variety of Ocimum basilicum.
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Pharmacology
Recent studies suggest tulsi may be a COX-2 inhibitor, like many modern painkillers, due to its high concentration of eugenol.[4] One small study showed it to reduce blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetics when combined with hypoglycemic drugs.[5] The same study showed significant reduction in total cholesterol levels with tulsi. Another study showed its beneficial effect on blood glucose levels is due to its antioxidant properties.[6] Tulsi also shows some promise for protection from radiation poisoning[7] and cataracts.[8]It has anti-oxidant properties and can repair cells damaged by exposure to radiation.[9] The fixed oil has demonstrated antihyperlipidemic and cardioprotective effects in rats fed a high fat diet.[10] Experimental studies have shown an alcoholic extract of tulsi modulates immunity, thus promoting immune system function.[11] Some of the main chemical constituents of tulsi are: oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, carvacrol, linalool, β-caryophyllene (about 8%),[12] β-elemene (c.11.0%), and germacrene D (about 2%).[13] β-Elemene has been studied for its potential anticancer properties,[14] but human clinical trials have yet to confirm its effectiveness.[15]
O. sanctum extracts are antibacterial (against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa).[16]
Ayurveda
Tulsi has been used for thousands of years in Ayurveda for its diverse healing properties. It is mentioned in the Charaka Samhita,[17] an ancient Ayurvedic text. Tulsi is considered to be an adaptogen,[12] balancing different processes in the body, and helpful for adapting to stress.[18] Marked by its strong aroma and astringent taste, it is regarded in Ayurveda as a kind of "elixir of life" and believed to promote longevity.[19]
Tulsi extracts are used in ayurvedic remedies for common colds, headaches, stomach disorders, inflammation, heart disease, various forms of poisoning, and malaria. Traditionally, tulsi is taken in many forms: as herbal tea, dried powder, fresh leaf, or mixed with ghee. Essential oil extracted from Karpoora tulsi is mostly used for medicinal purposes and in herbal cosmetics, and is widely used in skin preparations due to its antibacterial activity. For centuries, the dried leaves have been mixed with stored grains to repel insects.[20]
Hinduism
Tulsi or tulasi is a sacred plant for Hindus and is worshipped by Hindus as the avatar of goddess Lakshmi. Water mixed with the petals is given to the dying to raise their departing souls to heaven.[21] Tulsi, which is Sanskrit for "the incomparable one", is most often regarded as a consort of Krishna in the form of Lakshmi.[22][23] According to the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, tulsi is an expression of Sita.[24] There are two types of tulsi worshipped in Hinduism: "Rama tulsi" has light green leaves and is larger in size; "Shyama tulsi" has dark green leaves and is important for the worship of Hanuman.[25] Many Hindus have tulsi plants growing in front of or near their home, often in special pots. Traditionally, tulsi is planted in the center of the central courtyard of Hindu houses. It is also frequently grown next to Hanuman temples, especially in Varanasi.[26]
In the ceremony of Tulsi Vivah, tulsi is ceremonially married to Krishna annually on the eleventh day of the waxing moon or twelfth of the month of Kartika in the lunar calendar. This day also marks the end of the four-month Cāturmāsya period, which is considered inauspicious for weddings and other rituals, so the day inaugurates the annual marriage season in India. The ritual lighting of lamps each evening during Kartika includes the worship of the tulsi plant, which is held to be auspicious for the home. Vaishnavas especially follow the daily worship of tulsi during Kartika.[27]
Vaishnavas traditionally use japa malas made from tulsi stems or roots, which are an important symbol of initiation. Tulsi malas are considered to be auspicious for the wearer, and believed to put them under the protection of Hanuman. They have such a strong association with Vaishnavas, that followers of Hanuman are known as "those who bear the tulasi round the neck".[23]
Thai cuisine
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The leaves of holy basil, known as kraphao in the Thai language (Thai: กะเพรา), are commonly used in Thai cuisine.[28] Kraphao should not be confused with horapha (Thai: โหระพา), which is normally known as Thai basil,[28] or with Thai lemon basil (maenglak; Thai: แมงลัก).
The best-known dish made with this herb is phat kraphao (Thai: ผัดกะเพรา) — beef, pork or chicken, stir-fried with Thai holy basil.
References
- ^ a b Staples, George; Michael S. Kristiansen (1999). Ethnic Culinary Herbs. University of Hawaii Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8248-2094-7.
- ^ Warrier, P K (1995). Indian Medicinal Plants. Orient Longman. p. 168. ISBN 0-86311-551-9.
- ^ Kothari, S K, Bhattacharya et al. (November/December 2005). "Volatile Constituents in Oil from Different Plant Parts of Methyl Eugenol-Rich Ocimum tenuiflorum L.f. (syn. O. sanctum L.) Grown in South India". Journal of Essential Oil Research: JEOR. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4091/is_200511/ai_n15935884/pg_1. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
- ^ Prakash, P.; Gupta, N. (April 2005). "Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological actions: A short review". Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 49 (2): 125–131. PMID 16170979. http://www.ijpp.com/vol49_2/125-131.pdf.
- ^ Rai, V.; Mani, U.V.; Iyer, U.M. (1997). "Effect of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Powder on Blood Lipoproteins, Glycated Proteins and Total Amino Acids in Patients with Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus". Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 7 (2): 113–118. DOI:10.1080/13590849762709.
- ^ Sethi, Jyoti; Sood, Sushma; Seth, Shashi; Talwar, Anjana (2004). "Evaluation of hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect of Ocimum sanctum". Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 19 (2): 152–155. DOI:10.1007/BF02894276. http://www.ijcb.co.in/iaft04i2p152.pdf.
- ^ Devi, P. U.; Ganasoundari, A. (March 1999). "Modulation of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes by Ocimum sanctum and its role in protection against radiation injury". Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 37 (3): 262–268. PMID 10641157.
- ^ Sharma, P.; Kulshreshtha, S.; Sharma, A.L. (1998). "Anti-cataract activity of Ocimum sanctum on experimental cataract". Indian Journal of Pharmacology 30 (1): 16–20.
- ^ "'Tulsi' to be used for anti-radiation medicine". Times of India (Bhubaneshwar, India). 9 January 2012. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Tulsi-to-be-used-for-anti-radiation-medicine/articleshow/11412498.cms.
- ^ Suanarunsawat, T.; Boonnak, T.; Na Ayutthaya, W. D.; Thirawarapan, S. (2010). "Anti-hyperlipidemic and cardioprotective effects of Ocimum sanctum L. fixed oil in rats fed a high fat diet". Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 21 (4): 387–400. PMID 21305853.
- ^ Mondal, S.; Varma, S.; Bamola, V. D.; Naik, S. N.; Mirdha, B. R.; Padhi, M. M.; Mehta, N.; Mahapatra, S. C. (2011). "Double-blinded randomized controlled trial for immunomodulatory effects of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) leaf extract on healthy volunteers". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 136 (3): 452–456. DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.012. PMID 21619917.
- ^ a b Kuhn, Merrily; David Winston (2007). Winston & Kuhn's Herbal Therapy & Supplements: A Scientific and Traditional Approach. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-58255-462-4.
- ^ Padalia, Rajendra C.; Verma, Ram S. (2011). "Comparative volatile oil composition of four Ocimum species from northern India". Natural Product Research 25 (6): 569–575. DOI:10.1080/14786419.2010.482936. PMID 21409717.
- ^ Qingdi Q. Li, Gangduo Wang, Manchao Zhang, Christopher F. Cuff, Lan Huang, Eddie Reed (2009). "β-Elemene, a novel plant-derived antineoplastic agent, increases cisplatin chemosensitivity of lung tumor cells by triggering apoptosis". Oncology Reports 22: 161–170. DOI:10.3892/or_00000420.
- ^ Peng, X; Zhao, Y; Liang, X; Wu, L; Cui, S; Guo, A; Wang, W (2006). "Assessing the quality of RCTs on the effect of beta-elemene, one ingredient of a Chinese herb, against malignant tumors". Contemporary clinical trials 27 (1): 70–82. DOI:10.1016/j.cct.2005.07.002. PMID 16243588.
- ^ Golshahi H., Ghasemi E., Mehranzade E.,"Antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum extract against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa." Clinical Biochemistry. Conference: 12th Iranian Congress of Biochemistry, ICB and 4th International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ICBMB Mashhad Iran, Islamic Republic of. Conference Start: 20110906 Conference End: 20110909. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 44 (13 SUPPL. 1) (pp S352), 2011. Date of Publication: September 2011. [Journal: Conference Abstract]
- ^ NIIR Board, National Institute of Industrial Research (India) (2004). Compendium of Medicinal Plants. 2004. National Institute of Industrial Research. p. 320. ISBN 978-81-86623-80-0.
- ^ Botanical Pathways article with clinical trials details
- ^ Puri, Harbans Singh (2002). Rasayana: Ayurvedic Herbs for Longevity and Rejuvenation. CRC Press. pp. 272–280. ISBN 978-0-415-28489-9.
- ^ Biswas, N. P.; Biswas, A. K.. "Evaluation of some leaf dusts as grain protectant against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.)". Environment and Ecology (Vol. 23) ((No. 3) 2005): pp. 485–488.
- ^ Hindu FAQ: Why do we consider Tulsi sacred?
- ^ Claus, Peter J.; Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 619. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5. http://books.google.com/?id=au_Vk2VYyrkC&pg=PA619.
- ^ a b Simoons, Frederick J. (1998). Plants of life, plants of death. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 7–40. ISBN 978-0-299-15904-7. http://books.google.com/?id=KEUAbrBoeBAC&pg=PA14.
- ^ Brahma vaivarta Purana 4.67.65
- ^ Chatterjee, Gautam (2001). Sacred Hindu Symbols. Abhinav Publications. pp. 93. ISBN 978-81-7017-397-7. http://books.google.com/?id=NQ0XQHEkuIcC&pg=RA1-PA93.
- ^ Simoons, pp. 17-18.
- ^ Flood, Gavin D. (2001). The Blackwell companion to Hinduism. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 331. ISBN 978-0-631-21535-6. http://books.google.com/?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&pg=PA331.
- ^ a b Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages
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