Definição e significado de Panamax

  The two ships seen here seem almost to be touching the walls of the Miraflores Locks.

Panamax and New Panamax are terms for the size limits for ships traveling through the Panama Canal. Formally, the limits and requirements are published by the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) titled "Vessel Requirements".^[1] These requirements also describe topics like exceptional dry seasonal limits, propulsion, communications and detailed ships design.

The allowable size is limited by the width and length of the available lock chambers, by the depth of the water in the canal and by the height of the Bridge of the Americas. Ships that do not fall within the Panamax-sizes are called Post Panamax or Super-Panamax. The limits have influenced those constructing cargo ships, giving clear parameters for ships destined to traverse the Panama Canal.

"Panamax" has been in effect since the opening of the canal in 1914. In 2009 the Canal management published the "New Panamax",^[2] that will be in effect when the third lane of locks, larger than the current two, are operational in 2014.

The increasing prevalence of vessels of the maximum size is a problem for the canal as a Panamax ship is a tight fit that requires precise control of the vessel in the locks, possibly resulting in longer lock time, and requiring that these ships transit in daylight. Because the largest ships traveling in opposite directions cannot pass safely within the Gaillard Cut, the canal effectively operates an alternating one-way system for these ships.

  Panamax dimensions

  An officer monitors the clearance of the cruise ship Ryndam as she traverses the lock.

  Panamax container ship

Panamax is determined principally by the dimensions of the canal's lock chambers, each of which is 110 ft (33.53 m) wide by 1,050 ft (320.04 m) long, and 41.2 ft (12.56 m) deep. The usable length of each lock chamber is 1,000 ft (304.8 m). The available water depth in the lock chambers varies, but the shallowest depth is at the south sill of the Pedro Miguel Locks and is 41.2 ft (12.56 m) at a Miraflores Lake level of 54 ft 6 in (16.61 m). The height of the Bridge of the Americas at Balboa is the limiting factor on a vessel's overall height.

The maximum dimensions allowed for a ship transiting the canal are:^[1]

  Length

Over all (including protrusions): 950 ft (289.56 m). Exceptions:

• Container ship and passenger ship: 965 ft (294.13 m)
• Tug-barge combination, rigidly connected: 900 ft (274.32 m) over all
• Other non-self-propelled vessels-tug combination: 850 ft (259.08 m) over all

  Width (beam)

Width over outer surface of the shell plating: 106 ft (32.31 m). General exception: 107 ft (32.61 m), when draft is less than 37 ft (11.3 m) in tropical fresh water.

  Draft

In tropical fresh water 39.5 ft (12.04 m). ACP uses the freshwater Gatun Lake as a reference. The salinity and temperature of water affect its density, and hence how deep a ship will float in the water. When the water level in Lake Gatún is low during an exceptionally dry season the maximum permitted draft may be reduced.

  Air draft

190 ft (57.91 m) measured from the waterline to the vessel's highest point; limit also pertains to Balboa harbor. Exception: 205 ft (62.5 m) with passage at low water (MLWS) at Balboa is possible.

All exceptions are typically allowed only after specific request, an investigation and on a one- or two-time only basis.

A Panamax cargo ship would typically have a DWT of 65,000–80,000 tonnes, but its maximum cargo would be about 52,500 tonnes during a transit due to draft limitations in the canal.^[3]

The longest ship ever to transit was the San Juan Prospector, now Marcona Prospector, an ore-bulk-oil carrier that is 973 ft (296.57 m) long, with a beam of 106 ft (32.31 m).^[4] The widest ships to transit are the four Iowa-class battleships (Iowa, New Jersey, Missouri, and Wisconsin) which have a maximum beam of 109 ft (33 m), leaving less than 6 in (15 cm) margin of error between the ships and the walls of the locks.^[5]

  Post-Panamax ships

Post-Panamax or over-Panamax denote ships larger than Panamax that do not fit in the canal, such as supertankers and the largest modern container ships. The "largest oil tanker in the world"—whichever ship held the title at the time—has not been able to transit the Panama Canal at least since the Idemitsu Maru was launched in the 1960s; she was about 150,000 deadweight tons. U.S. Navy supercarriers are also in the post-Panamax class; the Nimitz-class aircraft carriers are 1,092 ft (332.84 m) long overall with a beam of 134 ft (40.84 m), while the flight deck is 252 ft (76.81 m) wide.

  2006 Expansion plan and the New Panamax

  USS Missouri, one of the Iowa-class battleships, makes a very tight fit as she passes through the Miraflores Locks of the Panama Canal in October 1945.

As early as the 1930s, new locks were proposed for the Panama Canal to ease congestion and to allow larger ships to pass. The project was abandoned in 1942.

On October 22, 2006, the Panama Canal Authority (with the support of the Electoral Tribunal) held a referendum for Panamanian citizens to vote on the Panama Canal expansion project. The expansion was approved by a wide margin, with support from about 78% of the electorate. It is estimated that the project will be completed by 2014 and will cost $5.3 billion; this sum is expected to be recovered within 11 years.

  New Panamax

The plans to build bigger locks have led to the creation of "New Panamax", based on new lock dimensions of 1,400 ft (427 m), beam 180 ft (55 m) and depth 60 ft (18.3 m).^[2] Naval architects and civil engineers are already taking into account these dimensions for container ships.^[6] After this expansion, the Panama Canal will be able to handle vessels of cargo capacity up to 13,000  twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU);^[7] currently, it can only handle vessels up to about 5,000 TEU.^[8] A third set of locks—1,400 ft (426.72 m) long, 180 ft (54.86 m) wide, with a draft of 60 ft (18.29 m)—will supplement the two existing sets.

However, even after opening the new, much larger locks, there will be ships that will not be able to pass through the Panama canal. These include Maersk E-class and future Maersk Triple E class container ships, TI class supertankers and Valemax ore carriers, all of which are too wide for the new locks. Furthermore, while the world's largest cruise ships, Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas, will fit to the new locks, they will not be able to pass under the Bridge of the Americas even at low tide.

Several ports, including the ports of New York City, Norfolk, and Baltimore, all on the east coast of the United States , have already increased their depth to at least 50 feet (15 m) to accommodate these changes, and the Port of Miami has recently approved doing the same in a project known as the "Deep Dredge"^[9] and will be the closest deep water port to the Panama Canal in the US. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is planning to raise the clearance of the Bayonne Bridge to 215 feet (66 m), at a cost of $1 billion, to allow New Panamax ships to reach container port facilities in New Jersey. A current-as-of-April 2012 controversy between Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina over limited federal funding for dredging/deepening projects—including both state and federal lawsuits filed by environmental groups in both states opposed to the techniques planned to be used in dredging the Savannah River—also revolves around attracting the business of carriers whose fleets include vessels built to the New Panamax specifications. Jacksonville, Florida is pursuing its "Mile Point" project with the prospect of deepening the St. John's River in anticipation of Post-Panamax traffic; Mobile, Alabama has completed the deepening of its harbor to 45 feet (14 m) in the same regard, and other ports seem likely to follow suit.

  Comparison of sizes

  Comparison of bounding box of Panamax and New Panamax with some other sizes in isometric view.

  Panamax cruise ships

• Spirit class: a similar class of Panamax ships operated by Carnival Cruise Lines.
• Radiance class: a similar class of Panamax ships operated by Royal Caribbean International
• MV Arcadia: a similar Panamax ship operated by P&O Cruises.
• MS Queen Victoria: a similar Panamax sized ship operated by Cunard Line.
• Vista-class cruise ship: a similar class of Panamax ships operated by Holland America Line
• "Signature class" cruise ship: a similar class of Panamax ships operated by Holland America Line
• Costa Luminosa and Costa Deliziosa: A set of Panamax ships operated by Costa Cruises derived from the Spirit-class and Vista-class designs.
• Coral Princess and Island Princess: A similar set of Panamax ships operated by Princess Cruises.

  References

  External links

• Vessel size groups

Panama Canal History People Ferdinand de Lesseps Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla William Nelson Cromwell John Frank Stevens George Washington Goethals William Crawford Gorgas Topics Panama Canal Railway Company Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty The Canal Zone Isthmian Canal Commission Health Measures Torrijos–Carter Treaties Current management Panama Canal Authority (ACP) Expansion project Expansion Referendum Structures Gaillard Cut Chagres River Gatun Dam Gatun Lake Locks Panamax/New Panamax Bridge of the Americas Centennial Bridge