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Definição e significado de Tarragon

Definição

tarragon (n.)

1.fresh leaves (or leaves preserved in vinegar) used as seasoning

2.aromatic perennial of southeastern Russia

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Merriam Webster

TarragonTar"ra*gon (?), n. [Sp. taragona, Ar. tarkh�n; perhaps fr. Gr. � a dragon, or L. draco; cf. L. dracunculus tarragon. Cf. Dragon.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Artemisa (Artemisa dracunculus), much used in France for flavoring vinegar.

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Tarragon

                   
Tarragon
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Anthemideae
Genus: Artemisia
Species: A. dracunculus
Binomial name
Artemisia dracunculus
L.[1]

Tarragon,[1] dragon's-wort,[citation needed] French tarragon,[1] Russian tarragon,[1] silky wormwood,[1] or wild tarragon[1] (Artemisia dracunculus) is a perennial herb in the family Asteraceae related to wormwood. Corresponding to its species name, a common term for the plant is "dragon herb". It is native to a wide area of the Northern Hemisphere from easternmost Europe across central and eastern Asia to India, western North America, and south to northern Mexico. The North American populations may, however, be naturalised from early human introduction.

Tarragon grows to 120–150 cm tall, with slender branched stems. The leaves are lanceolate, 2–8 cm long and 2–10 mm broad, glossy green, with an entire margin. The flowers are produced in small capitulae 2–4 mm diameter, each capitulum containing up to 40 yellow or greenish-yellow florets. (French tarragon, however, seldom produces flowers.[2])

Contents

  Cultivation

  Dried tarragon leaves

French tarragon is the variety generally considered best for the kitchen, but is difficult to grow from seed. It is best cultivated by root division. It is normally purchased as a plant, and some care must be taken to ensure that true French tarragon is purchased. A perennial, it normally goes dormant in winter.[2] It likes a hot, sunny spot, without excessive watering.[2]

Russian tarragon (A. dracunculoides L.) can be grown from seed but is much weaker in flavor when compared to the French variety.[2] However, Russian tarragon is a far more hardy and vigorous plant, spreading at the roots and growing over a meter tall. This tarragon actually prefers poor soils and happily tolerates drought and neglect. It is not as strongly aromatic and flavorsome as its French cousin, but it produces many more leaves from early spring onwards that are mild and good in salads and cooked food. The young stems in early spring can be cooked as an asparagus substitute. Horticulturists recommend that Russian tarragon be grown indoors from seed and planted out in the summer. The spreading plants can be divided easily.

  Health

Tarragon has an aromatic property reminiscent of anise, due to the presence of estragole, a known carcinogen and teratogen in mice. The European Union investigation revealed that the danger of estragole is minimal even at 100–1,000 times the typical consumption seen in humans.[3]

  Uses

  Culinary use

Tarragon is one of the four fines herbes of French cooking, and is particularly suitable for chicken, fish and egg dishes. Tarragon is the main flavoring component of Béarnaise sauce. Fresh, lightly bruised sprigs of tarragon are steeped in vinegar to produce tarragon vinegar.

Tarragon is used to flavor a popular carbonated soft drink in the countries of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and, by extension, Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. The drink, named Tarhun, pronounced [tarˈxuːn] Тархун), is made out of sugary tarragon concentrate and colored bright green.

In Slovenia, tarragon is used as a spice for a traditional sweet cake called potica. In Hungary a popular kind of chicken soup is flavored with tarragon.

cis-Pellitorin, an isobutyramide eliciting a pungent taste, has been isolated from Tarragon plant.[4]

  Companion plant

The scent and taste of tarragon is disliked by many garden pests, making it useful for intercropping as a companion plant, to protect its gardenmates. It is also reputed to be a nurse plant, enhancing growth and flavor of companion crops.

  Biochemical effects

Tarragon reduces platelet adhesion and blood coagulation and thus may help prevent cardiovascular disease.[5]

In one study in rats, tarragon showed significant antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced rats compared to the standard drug.[6] The herb has the potential to act as antidiabetic as well as antihyperlipidemic.

An ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus alleviated peripheral neuropathy in high fat diet-fed mice (a model of prediabetes and obesity).[7]

  Chemistry

A. dracunculus oil contained predominantly phenylpropanoids such as methyl chavicol (16.2%) and methyl eugenol (35.8%).[8] Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of trans-anethole (21.1%), α-trans-ocimene (20.6%), limonene (12.4%), α-pinene (5.1%), allo-ocimene (4.8%), methyl eugenol (2.2%), β-pinene (0.8%), α-terpinolene (0.5%), bornyl acetate (0.5%) and bicyclogermacrene (0.5%) as the main components.[9]

  Etymology

The plant's common name and Latin name originate from the belief in the Doctrine of Signatures which suggested that a plant's appearance reflected its possible uses. The serpentine shape of tarragon's root made herbalists believe it could cure snake bites. From this came the Greek name drakon (dragon), the Arabic طرخونṭarkhūn, and the Latin name dracunculus (little dragon).[10][11]

  References

  1. ^ a b c d e f  Artemisia dracunculus was originally described and published in Species Plantarum. 2:849. 1753. GRIN (June 20, 2008). "Artemisia dracunculus information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?4282. Retrieved April 30, 2012. 
  2. ^ a b c d McGee, Rose Marie Nichols; Stuckey, Maggie (2002). The Bountiful Container. Workman Publishing. 
  3. ^ Surburg, Horst; Johannes Panten (2006). Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials: Preparation, Properties and Uses. Wiley-VCH. pp. 233. ISBN 978-3-527-60789-1. 
  4. ^ Gatfield IL, Ley JP, Foerstner J, Krammer G, Machinek A. Production of cis-pellitorin and use as a flavouring. World Patent WO2004000787 A2
  5. ^ Elyas H.,"Evaluation of anticoagulant properties of Artemisia dracunculus, Punica granatum and Berberis vulgaris in rat". Razieh Clinical Biochemistry. Conference: 12th Iranian Congress of Biochemistry, ICB and 4th International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ICBMB Mashhad Iran, Islamic Republic of. Conference Start: 20110906 Conference End: 20110909. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 44 (13 SUPPL. 1) (pp S179-S180), 2011. Date of Publication: September 2011. [Journal: Conference Abstract]
  6. ^ Samyal, M.L.; Kumar, H.; Khokra, S.L.; Parashar, B.; Sahu, R.K.; Ahmed, Z. (May-August 2011). "Evaluation of antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Artemisia dracunculus extracts in Streptozotocin-induced-diabetic rats". Pharmacologyonline 2: 1230–1237. http://www.unisa.it/uploads/4941/117.sahu.pdf. 
  7. ^ Obrosova, P.; Stavniichuk, R.; Tane, P.; Shevalye, H.; Maksimchyk, Y.; Pacher, P.; Obrosova, I. G. (2011). "Evaluation of PMI-5011, an ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L., on peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-diabetic mice". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 27 (3): 299–307. DOI:10.3892/ijmm.2011.597. PMC 3044440. PMID 21225225. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3044440. 
  8. ^ Lopes-Lutz, D. S.; Alviano, D. S.; Alviano, C. S.; Kolodziejczyk, P. P. (May 2008). "Screening of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia essential oils". Phytochemistry 69 (8): 1732–1738. DOI:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.02.014. PMID 18417176. 
  9. ^ Sayyah, M.; Nadjafnia, L.; Kamalinejad, M. (October 2004). "Anticonvulsant activity and chemical composition of Artemisia dracunculus L. Essential oil". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94 (2–3): 283–287. DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.021. PMID 15325732. 
  10. ^ Tarragon at Sally's Place
  11. ^ Harper, Douglas. "tarragon". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tarragon. 

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