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Definição e significado de Toxicology

Definição

toxicology (n.)

1.the branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons

Toxicology (n.)

1.(MeSH)The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and biological action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations.;The science concerned with the toxins produced by bacteria, plants, and animals.

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Merriam Webster

ToxicologyTox`i*col"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. toxiko`n poison + -logy; cf. F. toxicologie. See Toxic. ] The science which treats of poisons, their effects, antidotes, and recognition; also, a discourse or treatise on the science.

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Definiciones (más)

definição - Wikipedia

Sinónimos

Toxicology (n.) (MeSH)

Toxinology  (MeSH)

Ver também

toxicology (n.)

toxicologic, toxicological, toxicologist

Locuções

American Academy of Clinical Toxicology • American College of Medical Toxicology • Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology • Aquatic toxicology • Automatism (toxicology) • Chemical Research in Toxicology • Clinical Toxicology • Critical Reviews in Toxicology • Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology • Drug and Chemical Toxicology • Environmental toxicology • Forensic toxicology • In vitro toxicology • Indian Institute of Toxicology Research • Inhalation Toxicology • Instruments used in toxicology • International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology • Journal of Applied Toxicology • Medical toxicology • Society of Toxicology • Toluene (toxicology) • Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods • Toxicology testing

Dicionario analógico

Wikipedia

Toxicology

                   

Toxicology (from the Greek words τοξικός - toxicos "poisonous" and logos) is a branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.[1] It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.

  Lithograph of Mathieu Orfila

Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the court of the Roman emperor Nero, made the first attempt to classify plants according to their toxic and therapeutic effect.[2] Ibn Wahshiya wrote the Book on Poisons in the 9th or 10th century.[3]

Mathieu Orfila is considered to be the modern father of toxicology, having given the subject its first formal treatment in 1813 in his Traité des poisons, also called Toxicologie générale.[4]

In 1850 Jean Stas gave the evidence that the Belgian Count Hypolyte Visart de Bocarmé killed his brother-in-law by poisoning with nicotine[5]

Theophrastus Phillipus Auroleus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493–1541) (also referred to as Paracelsus, from his belief that his studies were above or beyond the work of Celsus - a Roman physician from the first century) is also considered "the father" of toxicology.[6] He is credited with the classic toxicology maxim, "Alle Dinge sind Gift und nichts ist ohne Gift; allein die Dosis macht, dass ein Ding kein Gift ist." which translates as, "All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison." This is often condensed to: "The dose makes the poison" or in Latin "Sola dosis facit venenum".

The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology. The chief criterion regarding the toxicity of a chemical is the dose, i.e. the amount of exposure to the substance. All substances are toxic under the right conditions. The term LD50 refers to the dose of a toxic substance that kills 50 percent of a test population (typically rats or other surrogates when the test concerns human toxicity). LD50 estimations in animals are no longer required for regulatory submissions as a part of pre-clinical development package.[citation needed]

The conventional relationship (more exposure equals higher risk) has been challenged in the study of endocrine disruptors. Toxicity is species-specific, lending cross-species analysis problematic. Newer methods are available to bypass animal-testing. [7]

Contents

  Basic traditional toxicology

A nontechnical popularization of traditional toxicology is available in the book the Dose Makes the Poison.[8]

Factors that influence chemical toxicity:

  • Dosage[9]
    • Both large single exposures (acute) and continuous small exposures (chronic) are studied.
  • Route of exposure[10]
    • Ingestion, inhalation or skin absorbtion
  • Other factors[11]
    • Species
    • Age
    • Sex
    • Health
    • Environment
    • Individual characteristics

Foods safe for humans are not necessarily safe for pets. A young healthy pregnant woman in a supportive environment has a different set of chemical sensitivities than an aged homeless male drug addict. Chemicals safe to drink may not be safe to inject. Eating a peanut is life-threatening for some.

The classic experimental tool of toxicology is animal testing.[12] Alternative tests have been and are being developed. Separate test protocols are used for acute and chronic toxicity, irritation, sensitization (allergies), reproductive toxicity and carcinogenesis (cancer).

Few antidotes to poisons exist.[13] Treatment usually consists of removing the poison, repairing damage and providing life support.

The testing of one chemical for its cancer-causing properties took 5 years, cost more than $6 million in 1980 and utilized 24,000 mice.[14] A seemly modest study to estimate the cancer-causing effect of radiation on mice is estimated to require 8,000,000,000 mice.[15]

The field is under pressure to simultaneously eliminate the human risks of chemical exposure while reducing time, cost and animal testing.

  Dose response complexities

Most chemicals display a classic dose response curve - at a low dose (below a threshold), no effect is observed.[16] Some show a phenomenon known as sufficient challenge - a small exposure produces animals that "grow more rapidly, have better general appearance and coat quality, have fewer tumors, and live longer than the control animals".[17] A few chemicals have no well-defined safe level of exposure. These are treated with special care. Some chemicals are subject to bioaccumulation; They are stored in rather than being excreted from the body.[18] These also receive special consideration.

  Toxicologist Duties

In order to research and assess the effects of chemicals, toxicologists perform carefully designed studies and experiments. These experiments help identify the specific amount of a chemical that may cause harm and potential risks of being near or using products that contain certain chemicals. Research projects may range from assessing the effects of toxic pollutants on the environment to evaluating how the human immune system responds to chemical compounds within pharmaceutical drugs.

While the basic duties of toxicologists are to determine the effects of chemicals on organisms and their surroundings, specific job duties may vary based on industry and employment. For example, forensic toxicologists may look for toxic substances in a crime scene, whereas aquatic toxicologists may analyze the toxicity level of wastewater.

  Toxicology Starting Pay

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) notes that jobs for biological scientists, which generally include toxicologists, were expected to increase by 21% between 2008 and 2018 (www.bls.gov). The BLS notes that this increase could be due to research and development growth in biotechnology, as well as budget increases for basic and medical research in biological science. Salary.com notes that the median annual salary for toxicologists as of February 2011 was $84,000, while the middle 50% earned between $84,000 and $90,000.

  Requirements for a Toxicologist

Bachelor's degree programs in toxicology cover the chemical makeup of toxins and their effects on biochemistry, physiology and ecology. After introductory life science courses are complete, students typically enroll in labs and apply toxicology principles to research and other studies. Advanced students delve into specific sectors, like the pharmaceutical industry or law enforcement, which apply methods of toxicology in their work.

The Society of Toxicology (SOT) recommends that undergraduates in postsecondary schools that don't offer a bachelor's degree in toxicology consider attaining a degree in biology or chemistry (www.toxicology.org). Additionally, the SOT advises aspiring toxicologists to take statistics and mathematics courses, as well as gain laboratory experience through lab courses, student research projects and internships.

  See also

  References

  1. ^ "What is Toxicology" -Schrager, TF, October 4, 2006
  2. ^ Ernest Hodgson (2010). "A Textbook of Modern Toxicology". John Wiley and Sons. p.10. ISBN 0-470-46206-X
  3. ^ Martin Levey (1966), Medieval Arabic Toxicology: The Book on Poisons of ibn Wahshiya and its Relation to Early Native American and Greek Texts
  4. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine, Biography of Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)
  5. ^ Wennig, Robert (Apr. 2009). "Back to the roots of modern analytical toxicology: Jean Servais Stas and the Bocarmé murder case". Drug Test Anal (England) 1 (4): 153–155. DOI:10.1002/dta.32. PMID 20355192. 
  6. ^ Paracelsus Dose Response in the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology WILLIAM C KRIEGER / Academic Press Oct01
  7. ^ "Existing Non-animal Alternatives". Source: AltTox.org. 8 September 2011. http://alttox.org/ttrc/existing-alternatives/. 
  8. ^ Ottoboni, M. Alice (1991). The dose makes the poison : a plain-language guide to toxicology (2nd ed.). New York, N.Y: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0442006608. 
  9. ^ Ottoboni: Chapter 4: Factors That Influence Toxicity: How Much - How Often
  10. ^ Ottoboni: Chapter 5: Factors That Influence Toxicity: Route of Exposure
  11. ^ Ottoboni: Chapter 6: Other Factors That Influence Toxicity
  12. ^ Ottoboni: Chapter 12: Methods of Study
  13. ^ Ottoboni: pages 77-78
  14. ^ Ottoboni: pages 114-115
  15. ^ Ottoboni: page 195
  16. ^ Ottoboni: page 80
  17. ^ Ottoboni: pages 83-85
  18. ^ Ottoboni: pages 85-90

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