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Definição e significado de aviator

Definição

aviator (n.)

1.someone who operates an aircraft

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Merriam Webster

AviatorA"vi*a`tor (�), n.
1. An experimenter in aviation.

2. A flying machine. [archaic]

3. The driver or pilot of an aircraft, especially of an airplane.

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Definiciones (más)

definição - Wikipedia

Sinónimos

Ver também

aviator (n.)

aviation

Locuções

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Dicionario analógico

Wikipedia

Aviator

                   
Aviator
Lt Mike Hunter 1.jpg
U.S. Army test pilot Lt. F.W. "Mike" Hunter wearing a flight suit. (Image from the Office of War Information, 1942.)

An aviator is a person who is actively involved in the flight of an aircraft. A pilot is an aviator that directly controls the aircraft. People that fly aboard an aircraft, such as passengers and cabin crew, that are not involved in the aircraft's flight systems are not generally considered to be aviators, but aviation navigators, bombardiers, Weapon Systems Officers, and Electronic Warfare Officers are generally included.

To ensure the safety of people in the air as well as on the ground, soon after aviation began it became a requirement for an aircraft to be under the operational control of a properly trained, certified and current pilot at all times, who is responsible for the safe and legal completion of the flight. The first certificate was delivered by the Aéro-Club de France to Louis Blériot in 1908, followed by Glenn Curtiss, Léon Delagrange, and Robert Esnault-Pelterie. The absolute authority given to the "pilot in command" is derived from that of a ship's captain.[citation needed]

In recognition of the aviators' qualifications and responsibilities, most militaries and many airlines around the world award aviator badges to their pilots, as well as other air crews. This includes naval aviators, who are crew members in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard.

The first recorded use of the term aviator (aviateur in French) was in 1887, as a variation of 'aviation', from the Latin avis (meaning bird), coined in 1863 by G. de la Landelle in Aviation Ou Navigation Aérienne (Aviation or Air Navigation). The term aviatrix (aviatrice in French), now archaic, was formerly used for a female aviator. These terms were used more in the early days of aviation, before anyone had ever seen an airplane fly, and it was used to denote bravery and adventure. For example, the editors at the Dayton Herald, (in an article of December 18, 1903) described the Wright brothers' first airplane as thus: "The weight, including the body of the aviator, is slightly over 700 pounds".

Contents

  Civilian

  Hot air balloon pilot and passenger in basket.
  Commercial pilots about to land an Airbus airliner.

Civilian pilots fly privately for pleasure, charity, or in pursuance of a business, for non-scheduled commercial air-transport companies, or for airlines. When flying for an airline, pilots are usually referred to as airline pilots, with the pilot in command often referred to as the captain.

  United States

In 1930, the Air Commerce Act established pilot licensing requirements for American civil aviation.

Commercial airline pilots in the United States have a mandatory retirement age of 65, increased from age 60 in 2007.[1]

  Outside the United States

In some countries, such as Pakistan, Israel, Thailand and several African nations, there is a strong relationship between the military and the principal national airlines, and many airline pilots come from the military; however, that is no longer the case in the United States and Western Europe[citation needed]. While the flight decks of U.S. and European airliners do have ex-military pilots, many pilots are civilians. Military training and flying, while rigorous, is fundamentally different in many ways from civilian piloting. Military pilots are trained to higher regulatory standards than civilian pilots, and both paths create a safe pilot.

  Military

  F-16 pilot in flight

Military pilots fly with the armed forces of a government or nation-state. Their tasks involve combat and non-combat operations, including direct hostile engagements and support operations. Military pilots undergo specialized training, often with weapons. Examples of military pilots include fighter pilots, bomber pilots, transport pilots, UAV pilots, test pilots and astronauts. Military pilots also serve as flight crews on aircraft for government personnel, such as Air Force One and Air Force Two in the United States.

Military pilots are trained with a different syllabus than civilian pilots, which is delivered by military instructors. This is due to the different aircraft, flight goals, flight situations and chains of responsibility. Many military pilots do transfer over to civilian-pilot qualification after they leave the military, and typically their military experience will be used to grant a civilian pilot's license.

  Aviator certifications

Pilots are required to go through many hours of flight training and theoretical study, that differ depending on the country. The first step is acquiring the Private Pilot License (PPL), or Private Pilot Certificate.

The next step in a pilot's progression is either Instrument Rating (IR), or Multi-Engine Rating (MEP) endorsements.

If a professional career or simply professional-level skills are desired, a Commercial Pilot License (CPL) endorsement would also be required. To be the captain of an airliner, one must obtain an Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL).

Some countries/carriers require/use a Multi Crew Co-operating Certification (MCC).

  Aviators in space

In human spaceflight, a "pilot" is someone who directly controls the operation of a spacecraft, while located within the same craft. This term derives directly from the usage of the word "pilot" in aviation, where it is synonymous with "aviator". Note that on the U.S. Space Shuttle, the term "pilot" is analogous to the term "co-pilot" in aviation, as the "commander" has ultimate responsibility for the shuttle.

  Female pilots

  Beverly Lynn Burns, first woman in the world to captain the Boeing 747 airliner.

  Pioneers

Pioneer aviatrices include French, Raymonde de Laroche, the world's first licensed female pilot on March 8, 1910; Belgian, Helene Dutrieu, the first woman to fly a passenger, first woman to win an air race (1910), and first woman to pilot a seaplane (1912); French, Marie Marvingt the first woman to fly solo across the English Channel and the North Sea in a balloon (October 26, 1909) and first woman to fly as a bomber pilot in combat missions (1915); American, Harriet Quimby, the USA's first licensed female pilot in 1911, and the first woman to cross the English Channel by airplane; American Amelia Earhart, the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic (1932); Bessie Coleman, the first African American to become a licensed airplane pilot (1921); German, Marga von Etzdorf, first woman to fly for an airline (1927); Opal Kunz, one of the few women to train US Navy fighter pilots during World War II in the Civilian Pilot Training Program; and the British Amy Johnson, the first woman to fly solo from Britain to Australia (1930). Valérie André, a French neurosurgeon and member of the French army, became the first woman to fly a helicopter in combat, while serving in Indochina (1945). Jean Batten, a New Zealander, made a number of record-breaking solo flights across the world, including, in 1936, the first-ever solo flight from England to New Zealand.

As well as being Turkey's first aviatrix, Sabiha Gökçen, born in 1913, became the world's first female fighter pilot at the age of 23.[2][3]

In 1979, a Jamaican, Maria Ziadie-Haddad, became one of the first women in the Western Hemisphere to become a commercial jet airline pilot when she was hired by Air Jamaica 1968 Ltd as a B727 Second Officer.[4]

  Soviet Union

The Night Witches, a women-only combat regiment of the Soviet Air Forces, flew harassment bombing and precision bombing missions from 1942 to the end of the World War II.

  United States

  F-15 Eagle female pilots walking to their jets at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska.

Until the 1970s, aviation had been a traditionally male occupation in the United States. Commerce Department regulations virtually required pilots to have flown in the military to acquire sufficient flight hours, and until the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force and Navy barred women from flying,[5] thus also preventing them from moving into commercial piloting[citation needed] Despite women being trained by the US Army Air Corps and flying every advanced military aircraft the US built (including every bomber, pursuit plane, and the first jet) during WWII as Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP), this program was disbanded in December 1944 and commercial jobs were not generally available to women, though these highly trained women flew as instructors and pilots for flying services throughout the United States. Women began to enter U.S. major commercial aviation in the 1970s and 1980s, with 1973 seeing the first female pilot at a major U.S. airline, American Airlines, and 1986, seeing the first female captain at a major U.S. airline.[6] In the 1970s, women began being permitted to fly in the United States Armed Forces for the first time since WWII, beginning with the Navy and the Army in 1974, and then the Air Force in 1976.[7]

As of 2010, just over 7% of certified civilian pilots (both private and commercial) in the United States were women.[8]

  Israel

The Israeli Air Force's flight academy is open to female pilots. 24 female pilots have completed the course as of 2011.[citation needed]

  Japan

In Japan, the first female captain for commercial passenger flights was Ari Fuji, who began flying as captain for JAL Express in July 2010.[9] Fuji was rejected from admission to Japanese pilot training school on the grounds of being too small (155 cm; standard was previously 163 cm, currently 158 cm (as of spring 2010)), so she got her pilot's license in the United States. There are currently a few other female pilots in Japan, though, as of 2010, no others in a captain role.

  See also

  References

  1. ^ Maxon, Terry (December 15, 2007). "Retirement age raised to 65 in nick of time for pilots turning 60". The Dallas Morning News. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/bus/stories/DN-pilots_15bus.ART0.State.Edition1.2a48e73.html. Retrieved October 15, 2009. 
  2. ^ Sabiha Gökçen's biography, USAF Air Command and Staff College
  3. ^ Sabiha Gokcen biography, Hargrave Pioneers of Aviation
  4. ^ "Profiles of Jamaican Women". Discover Jamaica. http://www.discoverjamaica.com/shop/oij-profiles.html. Retrieved May 23, 2010. 
  5. ^ Becoming a female pilot: then and now. Usatoday.com (March 1, 2005). Retrieved on 2012-05-18.
  6. ^ Female Pilots Make History. Aa.com (January 16, 2012). Retrieved on 2012-05-18.
  7. ^ Military Women Pilots. Userpages.aug.com (March 1, 1991). Retrieved on 2012-05-18.
  8. ^ "2010 U.S. Civil Airmen Statistics". Federal Aviation Administration. May 2, 2010. http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation_data_statistics/civil_airmen_statistics/2010/. Retrieved May 11, 2012. 
  9. ^ First female captain no quitter, Wang Yexing, Kyodo News, reprinted in Japan Times, July 17, 2010

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