Definição e significado de carnelian

Carnelian / Sard
Polished carnelian/sard pebbles. Scale is in millimeters.
General
Category	Chalcedony variety
Chemical formula	Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2)
Identification
Molar mass	60 g / mol
Color	Brownish-red
Crystal system	Trigonal
Cleavage	Absent
Fracture	Uneven, splintery, conchoidal
Mohs scale hardness	6 - 7
Luster	Vitreous, dull, greasy, silky
Streak	White
Diaphaneity	Translucent
Specific gravity	2.59 - 2.61
References	[1]

Carnelian (also spelled cornelian) is a brownish-red mineral which is commonly used as a semi-precious gemstone. Similar to carnelian is sard, which is generally harder and darker. (The difference is not rigidly defined, and the two names are often used interchangeably.) Both carnelian and sard are varieties of the silica mineral chalcedony colored by impurities of iron oxide. The color can vary greatly, ranging from pale orange to an intense almost-black coloration.

  History

  Carnelian intaglio with a Ptolemaic queen, Hellenistic artwork, Cabinet des Médailles

The bow drill was used to drill holes into carnelian in Mehrgarh between 4th-5th millennium BC.^[2] Carnelian was recovered from Bronze Age Minoan layers at Knossos on Crete in a form that demonstrated its use in decorative arts;^[3] this use dates to approximately 1800 BC. Carnelian was used widely during Roman times to make engraved gems for signet or seal rings for imprinting a seal with wax on correspondence or other important documents. Hot wax does not stick to carnelian.^[4] Sard was used for Assyrian cylinder seals, Egyptian and Phoenician scarabs, and early Greek and Etruscan gems.^[5] The Hebrew odem (translated sardius), the first stone in the High Priest's breastplate, was a red stone, probably sard but perhaps red jasper.^[5]

  Necklace with gold beads and carnelian beads, Cypriot artwork with Mycenaean inspiration, ca. 1400–1200 BC. From Enkomi. British Museum

  Etymology

Although now the more common term, "carnelian" is a 16th century corruption of the 14th century word "cornelian" (and its associated orthographies corneline and cornalyn).^[6] Cornelian, cognate with similar words in several Romance languages, comes from the Mediaeval Latin corneolus, itself derived from the Latin word cornum, the cornel cherry,^[7] whose translucent red fruits resemble the stone. The Oxford English Dictionary calls "carnelian" a perversion of "cornelian", by subsequent analogy with the Latin word caro, carnis, flesh. According to Pliny the Elder, sard derives its name from the city of Sardis in Lydia, but it more likely comes from the Persian word سرد sered, meaning yellowish-red.^[5]

  Distinction between carnelian and sard

The names carnelian and sard are often used interchangeably, but they can also be used to describe distinct subvarieties. The general differences are as follows:^[5]

All of these properties vary across a continuum, and so the boundary between carnelian and sard is inevitably blurred.

  See also

• Carnelian (color)
• List of minerals
• Sardonyx

  References

  External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carnelian

• Mindat article on carnelian
• Mindat article on sard